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November, 1901. The Plan Book. Vol. V, No. 3. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY 



TO 



ENGLAND AND WALES 



/ 



MARIAN M. GEORGE 



FOR INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER 
GRADES 



. CHICAGO . 
A. FI.ANAGAN COMPANY 



1 



THE WiBRARY OF 
eOMGRESS, 

Two CoeiEa Received 

NOV. n t901 

Copyright entry 

CLASS O^XXc No. 

COPY 3. 



o 



<^r 3 3 



Copyright, 1901, 
By A. FIvANAGAN COMPANY 



A Little Journey 
to England and Wales 



AROUND ABOUT LONDON. 

We have seen many of the wonders of London, its 
busy, crowded streets and something of the work that 
is being carried on in both London and Liverpool. 
But w^e have seen little of the home life of the English 
people. I^'or this we will go to the country. 

When the London season is over, everyone who can 
afford to do so leaves town. Some go to their countrv 
homes, others to Brighton, or the Isle of Wight, or to 
some seaside or country resort, for a rest or change. 
Let us go, too. 

There is so much yet to be seen that we are tempted 
to hnger awhile longer in this fascinating old London 
Town. There are so many excursions we might make 
into the suburbs, if time would but permit. There is 
the great Crystal Palace, where everyone • goes who 
wishes to study the products and industries of the 
world. It is a huge building of glass and iron stand- 
ing in the midst of forests and parks. 

Then there are Richmond and Hampton Courts, Kew 
Gardens, Epping Forest and High Beech. Tourists are 
sure to visit these places. It is said that a quarter of 
million persons visit Hampton Court every year. The 
palace at this place is the largest royal palace in Great 



4 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Britain^ containing 1,000 rooms. Many years ago it 
was used as a royal residence, but most of it is now 
occupied by royal pensioners of the Crown. The peo- 
ple who go there are attracted by the fine picture 
galleries, and the beautiful grounds. 

Greenwich is a pleasant place, too/ a little over four 
miles from London Bridge. Greenwich Park is a 
favorite resort of Londoners on Sundays and holidays. 
In the center of this park is the famous Greenwich 
Royal Observatory. It is at this place that the cor- 
rect time for the whole of England is settled every 
day. From this place it is telegraphed to other im- 
portant towns and cities. 

BRIGHTON. 

If you will look on the map you will find, as we do, 
that Brighton is on the sea and directly south of Lon- 
don. It is the most popular of all the seaside resorts 
in the British Isles. Over 50,000 visitors and tourists 
go there every year. It is not a pretty place, but the 
air is clear and bracing, and the bathing fine. 

The most attractive place in the town is the beach. 
Crowds are walking up and down in the sun listening 
to the music or bathing in the cool sea. Children with 
bare legs are wading in the water or playing in the 
sand. There are numberless people in carriages driv- 
ing about, and houses stretching along the shore. 
Everyone seems bent upon amusement. A man 
comes to us and asks us to buy some shells; another 
fruit, and the third papers. A gipsy wants us to 
have our fortune told, and a sailor begs us to let him 
take us out for a sail in his boat. There is a Punch 



COTJIVTY MAP 



ENGLA]>JD & WALE^ 




il A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

and Judy show, loo; but all these things we have had 
elsewhere and so we decide to visit the Aquarium. 

This is a place where all kinds of curious fish are 
kept. What a huge tank! These certainly can not 
be fishes — they look like plants. But they are fishes — 
anemones, that live on the rocks in the sea and make 
the bottom of the ocean look like a beautiful flower- 
garden. And there are dolphins, too; and porpoises 
and seals and sea-lions and mackerel and herrings and 
shrimps — and ever so many more, whose names we do 

not know. 

THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 

"Of all tlie southern isles, she holds the highest place, 
And evermore hath been the great'st in Britain's grace.'' 

The Isle of Wight is the one spot in England where 
^^skies are blue and bright" always, and ^^harsh winds 
never come.'' Its air is soft and pleasant, and thous- 
ands of English people go there every year for rest 
and health and recreation. 

To reach this little paradise we must take a 
steamer, but the channel that divides it from the 
main-land is less than half a dozen miles. 

It was in Norris Castle on this island that Queen 
Victoria passed many of her happy childhood days, 
and later she selected this isle as her winter home. 
In 1840 she purchased an old manor house called 
^'Osborne House" and made it her home for several 
months each year, for sixty years. It was in this 
house she passed her last days. 

Osborne House is in the midst of a lovely park, 
sloping down to the beach, and well worth a visit, but 
the Castle of Carisbrooke is a more interesting build- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 7 

ing. To reach it we go through the heart of the isl- 
and. On either side of the road are blossoming fields 
with green hedges. Here and there are farm houses, 
or tiny ivy-covered cottages with thatched roofs, and 
gardens gorgeous with flowers. 




OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT. 

Carisbrooke is one of the most famous old castles in 
England. It stands on a hill overlooking the town 
of Carisbrooke, where it has stood for twenty centur- 
ies. If its walls could speak, what wonderful stories 
they might tell! 

Kings have lived within these walls. They are so 
strongly built that it is thought to have been a Brit- 



8 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

ish camp long ago. It has been used as a fort, too. 
The outer wall was added to it for this purpose. 
The castle is surrounded by a moat and over this the 
draw-bridge hung. The moat was kept full of water 
in olden times, and watchm_en in the towers were 
constantly on the lookout for enemies. When the 
enemy appeared, the bridge was drawn up and there 
was no way to reach the gate, except to swim across. 

The part of this castle that stands higher than the 
others is called a keep. In the center of the keep is a 
well three hundred feet deep. In the court-yard is an- 
other, two hundred feet deep. The water from this 
well is drawn up by means of a wheel and a donkey. 
The people in this castle did not mean to suffer from 
water famine, you see, in case they were besieged by 
their enemies. But the castle is in ruins now and its 
enemies gone, ages ago. 

Near the village is the old Whiffingham church, but 
we only stop for a glimpse, for we want to reach Far- 
ingford— which was the poet Tennyson's home for 
years. The house is not beautiful; but it is in a quiet, 
peaceful spot, '^far from the noise and smoke of town.'' 
This was the home where most of his poems were 
written. But crowds of visitors sought out Tennyson, 
in this home hidden away in the pine woods, and left 
him so little time that he was at last obliged to go 
away from this home, to get time for his work. 

ALFRED TENNYSON. 

Why should people wish to see and talk to this man? 
Because he was one of England's greatest poets. Al- 
fred Tennyson was born in the little town of Somersby, 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 9 





WHIFFINGHAM CHURCH, CAEISBROOKE, ISLE OF WIGHT. 



10 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 



in a beautiful valley in the northern part of England. 
When he and his brother Charles were children to- 
gether they were fond of acting out old-time stories of 
England. True stories they were^ too, and as wonder- 
ful and fascinating to the English boys today as to the 
little Tennyson boys many years ago. For they were 
of brave knights defending a castle, or their king; or 




TENNYSON'S HIRTHPLACK. 

rescuing some person in distress. They made castles 
of stones and dug moats or little ditches about them. 
They carried water and filled the moat. Then one 
boy would don a kind of armor, and with his spear 
make a fierce attack upon the castle while the other 
defended it. 

And when Alfred grew up he wrote beautiful poems 
about the brave deeds of these old English knights 
and their kings, for he had read them and thought them 
all out so many times that he knew them by heart. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 11 

Alfred^s home was not far from the sea, and in the 
summer the family went to a little town on the sea- 
shore called Marblethorpe. It was while there that 
Alfred began to write his poems. He explored the 
coast carefully and studied the dunes and dykes, the 




ALFRED TENNYSON. 



salt marsh, the shells and stones, and after a time he 
put into verse the thoughts that came to him about 
these things. Among these verses are ^ The Brook, '' 
^The Seashell,'^ and '^Break, Break, Break.'' His 
later poems are full of pictures of English scenes and 



12 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND AVALES. 

homes, and no modern poet has equaled him as a 
word-painter. His poems are full of high and noble 
ideals and are as true as they are beautiful. 

As a man he was rich, honored, and sought after by 
people all over England; but he liked best to remain 
quietly with his family, and his pen was never idle. 
Mr. Tennyson had three homes in different parts of 
England, and beautiful homes they were. But the one 
in the South of England he loved the best of all, for 
its windows looked out on his much-beloved sea. 

Charles Dickens was one of his friends and was very 
fond of reading his poems; and so was the Queen, for 
she made Tennyson Poet Laureate. This is considered 
a great honor. A Poet Laureate is a court poet for 
any great occasion. 

When he died he was buried in the Poet's Corner in 
Westminster Abbey. One thing Tennyson has said 
which should never be forgotten: — 

^Mlowe'er it be, it seems to me 

'Tis only noble to be good; 
Kind hearts are more than coronets 
And simple faith than Norman blood.'' 

ENGLISH HOriES. 

' 'The stately homes of England 

How beautiful they stand! 
Amidst their tall ancestral trees 

O'er all the pleasant land. 
The deer across their greensward bound, 

Through shade and sunny gleam, 
And the swan glides past them with the sound 

Of some rejoicing stream. 
i^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND AVALES. 18 

The cottage homes of England! 

By thousands on her plains, 
They are smiling o'er the silvery brooks 

And round the hamlet fanes; 
Through the glowing orchards forth they peep 

Each from its nook of leaves, 
And fearless there the lowly sleep 

As the bird beneath the eaA^es. 

Felicia Heinans- 

Let us return to the mainland and visit some of the 
fair country homes of England. English people love 
country hfe and, where they are wealthy or can afford 
to, hve there the greater part of the year. The home 
of the well-to-do Englishman is usually from six to 
twenty miles from town. It is built on a terrace or 
set in the midst of well-kept lawns and parks. 

But we want also to see England's ruined castles, its 
stately ancestral halls, its beautiful old manor houses, 
and the cottages of the peasants, far removed from 
the city. To do this we must drive through the coun- 
try, and for a long coaching trip we find the drag the 
most comfortable and convenient conveyance. It is a 
long, high-wheeled carriage, something like our Tally- 
ho coach. From its top one can see much more than 
from an ordinary carriage. 

Nothing could be more lovely than the country 
in England. We do not wonder that the people pre- 
fer to live here. 

The road is bordered by rows of stately trees, the 
roadsides are as neat as a lawn. The vine-covered, 
thatched cottages are set back in gardens gay with 
old-fashioned posies. The walks and hedges are 
trim, the fields without weeds, the barns, sheds and 



14 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

granaries well built, ande very home is carefully fenced 
or walled about. 
As we drive gaily along the smooth, fine country 




A COTTAGE HOME. 



road, one beautiful picture after another passes before 
our eyes, 

^^The green lanes, the thatched cottages, the mead- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 15 

ows brightened with wild flowers, the httle churches cov- 
ered with dark-green ivy, the gables festooned with 
roses, the foot-paths that wind across wild heaths 
and lonesome fields, the narrow, shining rivers brimful 
to their banks and crossed here and there with gray 
and moss-grown bridges, the stately elms with low- 
hanging branches drooping over a turf of emerald vel- 
vet, the sheep and deer that rest in shady places, the 
pretty children who cluster round the porches of their 
cleanly, cozy homes and peep at the wayfarer — these 
are some of the everyday joys of rural England/' 

In every part of the country one sees flocks of 
sheep — on the moors and hills, in the valleys, and al- 
ways on the farms. The farmers often confine them 
in hurdles, a basket-work fencing woven from split 
hazel. These fences are light and easily moved; and 
as soon as the sheep have eaten the grass from one 
field, the fences and sheep are moved to another. 

The country is cut up into a sort of checker-board 
by hedges— solid banks of green. The fields are of 
every size and shape, and each field has its particular 
name. Every farm has its name, too — a name it has 
borne for hundreds of years perhaps. These fields 
and farms and estates remain in the possession of the 
same family for generations, being handed down from 
the father to the oldest son. 

It is a very difficult matter to buy a farm or estate 
on this account. The Englishman is very unwilling 
to part with his ancestral home. The honor of the 
family demands that it be kept and passed to the next, 
who bears the name and takes the place of the head of 
the family. 



16 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Much of the land outside of the city belongs to the 
estates of the nobility. Do you know what is meant 
by this term? It means members of the royal family 
or persons who have inherited titles from their ances- 
tors, or had titles given them by their sovereign. 




A COUNTEY LANE. 



Sometimes titles and lands are conferred upon people 
for some service rendered the country or its sovereign. 
In this way much of the land in England has come in- 
to the possession of its princes, dukes, barons, lords 
and wealthy squires. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 17 

These estates contain hundreds, even thousands, of 
acres, and to them we must go if we wish to see the 
old castles, halls and manor houses that are England's 
pride. 

Many of these homes are in ruins^ but their owners 
will not have them rebuilt or changed in any way. 
They reverence and value them because of their his- 
tories, and because they have been their family 
homes for generations. 

Often, when it is impossible to live in these places, 
the owners keep the grounds in good condition and 
throw them open to the public. For the events and 
people connected with these old places have come to 
be a part of the history of England, and they are of in- 
terest to the whole world as well as to the owner. 

We pass shepherds with dogs at their heels, watch- 
ing their flocks in the meadows; farm laborers carrying 
their hoes or hooks for hedge trimming, and work- 
men with baskets of tools. They are going to their 
day's work. There are carters, too, in white blouses, 
walking beside tandem teams; and farmers, or garden- 
ers going to market. 

A splendid carriage dashes by, with a distinguished 
looking old gentleman seated within. He is some coun- 
try squire, perhaps, returning from the city. 

It may be that the land lying along this very road- 
side is a part of his estate. A sudden turn in the road 
takes him from our view, but a minute more brings us 
also to the bend and to our eyes the very thing we 
have been wishing to see — one of England's ''ancestral 
halls," — a stately and grand old castle. 



18 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

THE CASTLE. 

A castle is the name of the principal residence of a 
nobleman, when it is also a fortress. In olden times 
they were compelled to build such strongholds to pro- 
tect themselves from their enemies. There was little 
law but might. 

England for many centuries was the scene of con- 
stant warfare. The people were often obliged to de- 
fend themselves from the attacks of different nations 
that wished to conquer them. 

In their castles the cKiefs of clans would gather 
their own people, their family, soldiers, servants and 
all who looked to them as their head. The castles 
were usually built upon islands or high places, that 
could be easily defended. They had thick walls of 
stone and were surrounded by deep, broad ditches, or 
moats, filled with water. Underneath the castles 
were dungeons for prisoners. 

In the center of the castle was a great hall, where 
the owner could entertain a large company of his 
friends. At the end of this hall was a place raised 
higher than the rest of the floor, called the dais, where 
the chief stood. Near him, at meals, were seated per- 
sons of the highest rank, while lower down were those 
of less importance. 

Will this castle be like those others of which we 
have read so often? Perhaps this place has not been 
the scene of any fierce battles. It is at the top of a 
hill, but there is no deep moat about it. 

The castle before us has many towers and turrets, and 
its gray stone walls are half covered with the beautiful 
ivy one sees everywhere in England, a ad of which 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 19 




20 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Dickens wrote. The building must cover almost half 
an acre, and is big enough for a dozen families, and 
large ones at that. If we might spend just one day 
there ! Perhaps we might be allowed to drive through 
the grounds. 

The castle and grounds are surrounded by a high 
stone wall, green in places with moss and ivy. There 
is a great stone gateway, and massive iron gates. Just 
inside is the lodge-house, also of stone and covered 
with climbing roses and ivy. The gate-keeper comes 
out and admits his master's carriage. Through the 
gates we see a broad, graveled driveway and a lawn as 
smooth as velvet. Sturdy oaks and sweeping elms 
lend their shade to the park about the house. Some 
of these magnificent trees are more than four hundred 
years old. 

The old gate-keeper answers our questions politely 
and grants our request. His master is very kind to 
visitors, he tells us, and often allows them to drive 
through his grounds. Sometimes he is allowed to take 
visitors through the castle, too, but that is when his 
master and the family are away. Part of the sea- 
son the owner must spend in London, for he is a mem- 
ber of the House of Lords. But he is at home now 
and the house is full of guests. There are forty of 
these, and others expected, for a hunting party. 

Part of the castle is too old to be used. Its walls 
are crumbling to pieces. V/hen the family is gone, 
most of the rooms now open are closed, and only the 
servants' quarters used. Yes, it is a pleasant place to 
stay. No place in the world is so dear to the gate- 
keeper. He was born there the same year as his Lordship. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 21 

They played together as boys, for his father had been 
the gardener on the place, and his grandfather too. 

His Lordship was fond of him and kind to his chil- 
dren. He had sent them to school and paid for their 
education. When the gate-keeper is too old to work he 
will be provided for. His father had been remembered 
in the former master's will, and this one, he was sure, 
would not forget him. He had tried to be faithful. 
Many of the other servants had been at the castle all 
their lives, too, and their fathers and mothers before 
them. They were as fond and proud of the place as 
if it were their own. And no wonder ! 

The lawns are dotted with flowerbeds of many 
shapes, and on the grounds are a great flower garden, 
a market garden, conservatories, graperies, and orch- 
ards. There are stables full of fine horses, and ken- 
nels for the hunting dogs. Many acres of the estate 
near the house have been reserved for parks — deer 
and hunting parks. 

These parks or game preserves are cared for and 
guarded by game-keepers. No one but the master 
and his friends is ever allowed to hunt or shoot 
there. If a hunter from the city, or one of the coun- 
try men should venture to shoot even a partridge, he 
would be arrested by the game-keepers and impris- 
oned by the squire. 

It must seem very hard for the poor people hving 
near to be obliged to suffer hunger at times, with 
these great parks full of deer and rabbit, grouse and 
birds of all kinds, before their very eyes. It seems a 
pity, too, for so much land to be lying idle when so 
many poor people in the neighborhood have not even 



22 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

a garden patch. These poor laboring people think so, 
too. They think the land should be put to a better 
use than to provide amusement for a few weeks each 
year for one rich man. 

But the noble lord who owns all these acres cares 
very little what they think. The land is his, and he 
means to do what he pleases with it. His hunting 
grounds are his particular pride, and hunting and 
shooting his favorite pastime. He entertains a great 
many of his friends during the hunting season^ and 
this is the gayest time of the year for the people at 
the great house. 

There are big dinners and balls, and garden and 
hunting parties for the ^'gentry/' and entertain- 
ments for the servants. 

One of the most exciting events of the year in the 
country is the fox hunt. This is attended by gentle- 
men and ladies from many parts of the country. They 
meet at some central place near the castle, accom- 
panied by their hounds. The holes of the foxes have 
all been closed: and so there is no place for a fox to go 
and nothing else to do, when released or raised, but to 
run for his life. 

The men and hounds follow quickly after, jumping 
ditches, walls, gates, hedges, and turning aside for 
nothing in the way. It is reckless sport, for many of 
the riders are thrown and killed every year in the 
wild effort to reach the fox first. It seems rather 
cruel sport, too, for the harmless fox has no way of 
defending himself from his enemies. 

But there is a part of this estate ~we have not seen 
— the farm lands. We take leave of the kind old gate- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 23 

keeper, and, follow the road he tells us will lead to the 
home of a farmer who lives near, and also to a village 
a little farther on. 

THE FARMER. 

The great estates and farms of Great Britain are 
not tilled by the owners. They rent the land to 
farmers, who employ laborers to do the work. The 
farmer is the most important tenant of the nobleman, 




OLD ENGLISH FARM HOUSE. 

or the wealthy country squire. But this farmer does 
not lead the life of the farmer in America. He never 
thinks of milking or going out into the fields to plow 
or reap his harvest. 

All this is left to his laborers. He gives orders 
to his workmen, and acts as a manager only. The 



24 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

chief farmer of this big estate is a fine-looking man- 
tall, broad-chested and pleasant-faced. He always 
wears his leathern riding-gaiters, for he is in the saddle 
much of the time, riding back and forth between the 
farms or to town. 

His home is a very comfortable one. He takes time 
to read the morning papers before breakfast, and after 
breakfast has morning pra3^ers, for he is a devout 
churchman. The servants are called in for prayers, 
but the children are not there. They are away at 
boarding-school in the city, and only come home for 
the holidays. 

The homes of the English are very attractive from 
the outside, and the yards and gardens and lawns are 
beautifully kept; but the houses are not so cheerful 
and sunny as ours, nor so comfortable. The windows 
have small panes of glass, and are set in such thick 
stone walls that little sunshine comes through. They 
lack the conveniences, too, to which one is accustomed 
in the States. 

Come into this house with me. The hall looks bare 
and rather dark, but the drawing rooms are lighter 
and very pleasant. The room is crowded with chairs, 
lounges, tables, cabinets and other pieces of furniture, 
leaving little room for one to walk about. There is 
not a rocking chair in the room, and the furniture is 
dark and rather stiff. But there are flowers, ferns and 
palms all about, and these brighten the room and 
make it look home-like. 

The dining-room we also find furnished with dark, 
heavy furniture, and this room is also dark. House- 
keeping in England is very different from house- keep- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 25 

ing in America. Come into the kitchen and see for 
yourself. What a dingy place! The windows are very 
small and the walls are blackened with smoke. In- 
stead of a smooth wooden floor, painted or oiled, there 
is one of blocks of stone, with cracks between the 
stones. 

There is no stove; but, instead, a ''Kitchner." This 
is an iron arrangement built into a brick fire-place. 
It extends into the room but a few inches. In the 
middle of the kitchner is a small, open grate in 
which a fire of soft coal is burning. On one side of 
the grate is a small iron tank to hold hot water, 
and on the other, an oven. Sometimes there is no 
tank for hot water, and then the water must be heated 
in the teakettle on the grate. The oven holds a joint 
of meat. When a fowl or joint of meat is to be 
roasted, it is hung by a chain before the fire and 
turned and basted until it is cooked through. Some- 
times, usually on Sunday, the meat is sent to the pub- 
lic bakery and brought home at noon. Sometimes 
the cake and tarts are also sent there to be baked. 
The pots containing the vegetables are hung over the 
fire on cranes. 

The ovens are very small to bake bread. So the mis- 
tress usually buys her bread of the baker. Very good 
bread it is, too, and cheap. Every day the baker's 
wagon comes to the door and leaves a number of 
loaves. This furnishes the reason for the great num- 
ber of baker shops one sees in the cities and towns. 
In many of these shops nothing is sold but bread and 
flour; in others, cake and biscuit may also be bought. 

Coal is usually used in the open fires in the kitch- 



26 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

ners, and everything in the room is soon covered with 
soot unless it is cleaned very often. 

The mistress of this home does not try to do as 
many things as the mistress of a similar home in 
America. She keeps more servants, because servants 
are not paid as high wages in England. There is 
less work in English homes, too. The bread and cake 
are made by the baker, and the laundry work and 
dressmaking done outside the home. 

Each servant has his or her particular work and is 
rarely called upon to do extra work without extra pay. 

The kitchen is presided over by a rosy-cheeked maid, 
with a snowy cap. She is preparing the dinner and 
tells us that this is not a difficult task in England. 
English people are not so fond of soups, salads, hot 
breads and desserts as we. They like good roast beef, 
mutton, and vegetables, and their dinners are simple 
affairs. For breakfast they like tea, toast, eggs, bacon 
and marmalade. 

When we tell this little maid that it appears to us 
the English people are always eating, she sa3^s, '^No; 
the English do not eat more than the people of 
America; but they eat oftener.^^ 

She says that six meals a day are served in this 
house, and in many others, and that four are taken by 
rich and poor alike. A cup of tea is served in bed; 
then come breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and 
late supper before bed time. 

All English people are fond of tea, and every after- 
noon, between four and five o'clock, tea is served to 
the family and friends, or neighbors who happen in for 
achat. If one drops in at a cafe or tea-room at this 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 27 

hour in the afternoon, it is almost impossible to find a 
seat. Sometimes one is obliged to visit three or four 
places before room can be found at a table. 

The rooms are crowded with shoppers, tourists, 
business men and their employees — all drinking tea. 
How odd it would seem to us if the men at home left 
their places of business in the afternoon to drink tea! 
But we wish that some of the English people would 
come to the States and teach the people in our res- 
taurants and lunch rooms how to make dainty bread- 
and-butter sandwiches, and pound cake. 

THE COUNTRY VILLAGE. 

On one corner of the estate, and not far from the 
castle, is a village. At one time it consisted of the 
laborers and servants on the place, but others have 
come to make their homes there, and the village now 
numbers a thousand souls. They are almost all ten- 
ants of the lord at the castle. 

The village has one long street, with a few two- 
story houses of brick and stone; but most of the build- 
ings are cottages with roofs of red brick, tile or straw 
thatch. In the large houses live the steward of the 
estate, the doctor, and the shop keepers. There is a 
market place, too, and a town hall and a church; and 
last, but not least, an inn. 

Sometimes the cottages are crowded closely to- 
gether, and are built directly on the street without 
even room for a path. Sometimes there is a flower 
garden in front, separated from the street by a stone 
wall or hedge. There are flowers in the windows and 
vines trained over the doors and walls. 



28 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

These cottages are pictures of neatness. The yards 
are kept clean from htter, and wherever there is room, 
trees, bushes, plants and flowers are growing. One 
thing about this village we notice is that many of the 
cottages display something for sale. Numbers of the 
men in the village are mechanics or farm laborers, and 
their income is small. The wife and children help by 
keeping a few articles of various kinds for sale. The 




A COUNTRY VILLAGE. 

stock is always very small — just a few candies or cakes, 
bread, vegetables, writing materials, school supplies, 
etc. 

For amusement the people have football and cricket 
matches, band concerts and festivals on the ^'recrea- 
tion ground'' of the village. They have flower-shows 
and bazaars in the town hall, for the benefit of the 
church; annual agricultural product shows; monthly 
cattle, sheep and horse fairs, and the weekly market- 
day. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND AVALES. 29 

It is at the fairs that the country people best enjoy 
themselves. There are athletic sports, with prizes given 
by the Lord of the castle, the squire or the farmer. 

The villagers enter heartily into the contests in 
jumping, throwing, wresthng, sack and wheelbar- 
row races. There are greased pigs to be caught, and 
a greased pole to be climbed for prizes hung at the 

top. 

THE VILLAGE INN. 

The village inn is a big solid-looking stone building. 
Its vine-covered walls, gables and dormer windows, 
and its dainty white curtains, give it a very homelike 
look. It has a great doorway that leads to an inner 
court. On either side of the court are the bar and 
the coffee rooms, and at the far end the stables. 

The waiting hostler takes us to the barmaid, who 
meets us with a pretty courtesy, and leads us to the 
chambermaid. She takes us up a dark old oak stair- 
way, through a dark hall, and to a pleasant room, 
where we are to pass the night. There is a cheerful 
grate fire, a tall old ''grandfather's'' clock in the cor- 
ner, easy chairs, and writing materials upon the table. 

There is a four-post bed with heavy curtains, and a 
perfect mountain of a feather bed. What a comfortable 
place it is. How well we will sleep after our long 
ride. We may have our meals served in our rooms or 
in the public coffee room, and we decide to have our 
supper in our room. 

Breakfast is taken in the coffee room; but we are 
the only guests, and see no one but the servants. 
Where is the landlady all this time, and the landlord, 
too? Let us look in at the tap or bar-room. This is 



30 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

the place villagers drop into for their glass of beer or 
toddy. It is a plain^ bare room, with high-backed 
settles and deal tables. At the end is a counter, pre- 
sided over by the rosy-cheeked barmaid. But the 
landlady is not here. She is in the bar parlor. Only 
a few favored customers are admitted to this place. 
This room has an open fire in the grate, a table fur- 
nished with writing materials and the morning papers, 
easy chairs, a rug on the floor, and some bright pic- 
tures on the wall. Here, before the fire, the squire and 
his steward and the farmers are gathered, talking 
about the crops and sipping ale. 

THE LABORER. 

In some of the houses of this village of a thousand, 
the people are packed together almost as closely as in 
the crowded parts of London. Two or three families 
often occupy a cottage that would be considered too 
small for one family in America. In this place and in 
some others, the farm laborers and other workmen 
have no vegetable gardens at home, so they rent a plot 
of land near the village from the squire. This plot is 
divided into equal-sized strips with paths between, and 
each laborer has a strip, and pays his share of the rent. 
In the summer evenings they gather out here, with 
their wives and children and tend to their gardens. 
They hoe, and weed, and visit together,finding this,per- 
haps, the pleasantest part of their day's work. 

These laborers are very poor and depend on their 
daily wages for food; but they can usually find em- 
ployment throughout the year, as work on the farms 
in England does not stop in winter as in some other 
countries. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 31 

In the poorer parts of England a laborer receives 
ten or twelve shillings a week, but in better districts 
twice that amount. Work begins at six o'clock in the 
morning and ends at five in the evening. And the 
Enghsh laborer eats oftener than the laborer in the 
States. At eight, work is stopped half an hour for 
breakfast; at ten, it is stopped again for lunch; and at 




PLOWING WITH OXEN. 



noon an hour is taken for dinner and rest. At five, 
supper is eaten, and just before bedtime another 
lunch. 

The food of the laborer and his family is poor and 
course. Meat is eaten but once or twice a week. The 
cottages are small and apt to be over-crowded, for the 
families are large. There are often but two sleeping 
rooms for a family of eight or ten. It is impossible 



32 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

for many of the laborers to support their families on 
their weekly wages. They and their wives and child- 
ren often do extra, or as they call it ^'task work/^ to 
earn extra money to keep them out of the poor- 
house. 

During the busy season the men work early and late. 
On some of the farms, mowing machines are used; and 
on others the mowing is done by gangs of men with 
scythes. These gangs go from farm to farm, and 
carry their lunches with them. In their lunch bas- 
kets are bread and cheese, and beer or ale is added to 
this at meal time. 

Sometimes the farmer for whom they work sends 
them their ale. 

In September, when the grain is nearly all reaped and 
the hay harvested, the hop picking begins. The hay 
and grain fields look bare and brown, or have just 
been plowed. In the corners of the fields are new 
ricks with tidy roofs of fresh thatch. 

Over in the hop fields are men, women and children 
pulling the hops off vines and putting them into great 
baskets. The poles are taken down as needed, that 
the hops may be easily reached. 

Sometimes the women go out in the fields to help the 
men, and so we find them in the hop gardens, the wheat 
and hay fields. In the hop fields the vines are fastened 
to the poles so that they will climb and not run along 
the ground. Rushes are used to tie the vines, and 
these are carried in a long bag fastened to the waist. 

Hop picking is looked upon as a kind of holiday, 
and the people come from far and near to the hop 
regions in September, It is pleasant, healthy work, 



A LITTLE JOURNEr TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 33 

and longues are as nimble as fingers, in the merry 
groups in the fields. The children work and play by 
turns, and the grandmothers tend the babies that tum- 
ble about on the ground near the hop pickers. 

Many who live a number of miles from the fields 
come in great farm wagons. They bring their 




WOMEN WORKING IN THP] FIELDS. 



bedding and food, and come prepared to stay till the 
hop-picking season is over. They sleep out of doors 
or in barns or sheds. 

But all do not come in wagons. Many come by 
train from London, and at the station we see a crowd 
of rough-looking people, heavily laden with their bags, 
baskets and household goods, all bent on securing work 
in the hop fields. 



34 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Would you like to see how the hops are dried? Let 
as stop a minute at this hop kiln. Smoke is issuing 
from its chimney and a door at one end is open, so 
one may be able to learn how the hops are dried. How 
dark it is inside! There are men feeding fires with 
charcoal and brimstone, and the air is heavy with 
fumes. It would soon choke one in this place. Let us 
get outside in the fresh air again. 

In some fields we sometimes see four horses used by 
the ploughman because the soil is so heavy. A boy 
walks along beside the horses to urge them on, and 
constantly shouts at them. At one place a laborer is 
ploughing with bullocks, but we are told these are sel- 
dom used now. The steam plow is used now as in the 
States, and the steam thresher is a famihar sight. 
Sometimes these engines come steaming along the 
roads of the country or villages, but our horses have 
become accustomed to them and do not seem to mind 
them. 

The laboring men are not attractive, and are rude 
both in manner and speech. They are not neat or 
clean, and usually carr}^ about with them the odor of 
tobacco and beer. Their ordinary clothing is rough, 
usually of corduroy, with straps encircling the leg 
above the calf to keep the trousers baggy at the knee. 

But in spite of their poverty the laboring people as 
a rule, are contented and cheerful. Their wants are 
few. If they have food from day to day and a rude 
home in which to find shelter, they do not worry about 
the future. They seldom save for old age. If there is 
any money to spare, it is spent on drink. Drunken- 
ness is very common among them. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 35 

If their children do not care for the laborers when 
old or disabled, there is always the poorhouse, or, as 
they call it, the Union Workhouse. This is the place 
where thousands of these people expect to spend their 
last days. Some of them are quite indifferent about 
it, but others have a great dread of the poorhouse. 
They have food and shelter, it is true, but httle tea, 
tobacco or beer. For this reason they think it is a 
place to be avoided. 

THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. 

The English people are not so easy to become ac- 
quainted with as the people of many other nations. 
They are not always agreeable traveling companions 
and do not talk much to those they do not know. But 
in their own homes we find them to be the most de- 
lightful people we have met in all our journeys. 

The better class of English people are the most in- 
telligent and refined of any nation. This is not true, 
though, of the middle and lower classes. But most of the 
English, as a rule, are honest, truthful and law-abiding. 
They are a religious people and devoted to their 
church. The Episcopal Church is the established 
church of England. On Sunday all the shops, stores, 
and places of business and amusement are closed. The 
streets on this day are almost deserted. 

The English are fond of outdoor exercise and open- 
air sports and games. Perhaps it is due to their habit 
of exercising so much in the open air that they have 
such good health and fine figures. Where a family is 
not well-to-do, and it is necessary for the men to live 
close to their work in the cities, outings at the seaside 



36 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 



or the country are provided and planned for as care- 
fully as food and clothes. 

The country people know little of the cities, and 
most of them live out their lives in or near the vil- 




KING EDWARD VII AND FAMILY. 



lages where they were born. They never go farther 
than a few miles from their home, and cling to the 
ways and customs of their forefathers. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 37 

ENGLISH CHILDREN. 

There are no children in the world so carefully educa- 
ted and cared for as the English children. In some ways 
we find their home and school life much hke our own; 
ill other ways quite different. The English children 
are not allowed to do as they like, as are many Ameri- 
can children. They are respectful and obedient to 
their parents and teachers, and do not expect to have 
their own way. 

During their baby days they are kept in the nursery 
in charge of a nurse. They are not allowed to romp 
and run about the whole house, and do not take their 
meals with the older members of the family, but with 
the nurse or governess in the nursery. Their table is 
provided with good, plain food, but with none of the 
luxuries, not even where the family is very wealthy. 
Until the boys are sent away to boarding school, and 
the girls are big girls, they have only this plain food. 
They have their daily cold bath and out-of-doors exer- 
cise and games, under the watchful care of a nurse or 
governess. 

Study lasts but a few hours each day^but their lessons 
are not all from books. The nurse and the governess 
must see that correct habits are formed and give les- 
sons in manners and deportment. The boys remain 
with the governess until the age of eight or ten, and 
are then sent to a boarding school or day school. The 
girls remain with the governess until they are seven- 
teen, or attend a private day school and receive les- 
sons from tutors or masters. 

- These children see very little of other children, and 
are seldom allowed to play with them. The governess 



38 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

is their constant companion. She chooses their read- 
ing and accompanies them in their out-of-door walks 
and games. 

But there are many children who are not so well 
cared for. There are thousands of children in Great 




A LABORER'S FAMILY. 

Britain who must work for their living, in mines or in 
factories, or in the streets or fields. They have few 
holidays or games, no toys or books, and the poorest 
and coarsest of food. 

Others have much to do at home, because the 
mother as well as the father must work to help sup- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 39 

port the family. The Httle girls in these poor famiHes 
learn early to mind the baby, wash, mend, cook, go to 
market and care for the home. These children attend 
the board schools, and have lessons in housekeeping. 

The best places to see the English children are the 
parks. The paths and benches, the shady nooks and 
grass are home to them. They are there early and 
late. Most of them are with nurses and governesses, 
mothers or older sisters. Some walk primly up and 
down the walks; others romp and visit to their hearts' 
content. 

The parks are the only playgrounds that some of 
these children possess. 

Their homes are small. Sometimes the kitchen is 
the only living room, and if the children stay indoors 
they are in the way. So they come to the parks. 
Many of them go without hats or bonnets, but none 
go barefoot. Some of the lassies wear white bonnets 
with frills about their faces and remind us of daisies. 
But neither boys nor girls care much for a covering for 
the head or face, for the sun does not scorch the face 
as in America. 

The summer dress of a child in skirts has no sleeves, 
and on a chilly day the arm.s are very apt to look red 
or purple. The knees are also bare, for the stockings 
come up only a couple of inches above the shoe tops. 
Rubbers are seldom worn, as their shoes have very 
thick soles. Such clumsy shoes! Great heavy affairs, 
with the bottoms all studded over with big projecting 
nails. But they wear well and keep the feet dry. 

The boys and girls do not play their games together^ 
except when very young. The boys seem to hke the 



40 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

rougher, more violent games and the girls the quiet 
ones. But neither boys nor girls are quarrelsome while 
at their play. 

Cricket is the national and favorite game of the 
English boy J just as baseball is with the boys of the 
States. It is the ambition of every English boy to 
become a clever cricketer, and if allowed he will keep 
at it all day. This game is played in the streets, the 
fields, parks or wherever room can be found. 

The girls are as fond of their skipping ropes as the 
boys are of cricket. They play many ring games, such 
as drop-the-hankerchief , thump-back, and orange-and- 
lemon. In this last the girls form in two long oppos- 
ing lines and have a tug of war. 

The holidays are Christmas, May-day, and the Fifth 
of November. May-day means more to the children 
of the villages than to those in London, however. In 
the villages groups or processions of children parade 
the streets, carrying sticks with flowers tied on the 
ends. They sing songs before the houses and in return 
receive pennies from the listeners. 

The money received is spent for candy or cakes. In 
the villages, out-side of London, fetes are held, and at 
these fairs are merry-go-rounds, shooting galleries, 
swings and wandering gypsies, and vendors with all 
kinds of wonderful things to sell. 

The fifth of November is ^^Guy Fawkes Day.'' This 
is the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot. Gu}^ 
Fawkes and some of his friends meant to blow up the 
king and parliament. But the plot was discovered 
and the king and members of parliament saved from 
a terrible death. For a time the fifth of November 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 41 

was observed by thanksgiving services in the church, 
but the day is now celebrated by children more than 
grown people. 

In some towns the day is celebrated by proces- 
sions, bonfires and sham battles. 

Christmas is celebrated in much the same way as in 
our own country. The churches are made bright with 
evergreens and holly berries; the Christmas tree is hung 
with presents in the schoolroom of the home; Christ- 
mas carols are sung. 

ENGLAND TO=DAY. 

England does not seem a very important country 
when one looks at the map and compares it with 
other countries. It is but 400 miles long, and 360 
miles wide; yet it is the richest kingdom in the world. 

Scotland and Ireland were once separate kingdoms, 
but are now united to England and Wales under the 
title of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
Ireland. This is the home country of the British 
Empire, but is only a small part of it. 

Great Britain is a great mother country. It has so 
many children that all cannot be fed and cared for at 
home, and so, many of them are sent to other coun- 
tries, where colonies are formed. The population of 
the United Kingdom is 40,000,000, and of England 
and Wales alone, 32,525,716. So you see it is nec- 
essary for some of these people to go elsewhere for 
homes. It would be hard to find a corner of the earth 
where the British have not settled. 

The British colonies are protected by Great Britain, 
and some of them have become parts of the British 



42 A LITTI.E JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Empire. This now extends over more than 11,000,- 
000 square miles, and numbers 400,000,000 people. 
The principal colonial possessions are Gibraltar, Heli- 
goland, the Channel Islands, Malta and Cypress in Eu- 
rope. In North America are the Dominion of Canada 
and the West India Islands. In South America are 
British Guiana and the Falkland Islands. There are 
Australia, New Zealand and the Fiji Islands, and in 
Africa are the Gold Coast, Sierra LeoHie, Gambia, St. 
Helena, Ascension, the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the 
Transvaal Republic and Maurilius. In Asia are India, 
Hong Kong, British Burmah, Ceylon, "Labuan, Aden, 
the Straits Settlement, and Andan^n and Nicobar 
Islands. ^: 

Australia and Cape Colony are self-|overning colon- 
ies, and others are a part of the British Empfre. But 
though widely separated from the mother couritry by* 
lands and seas, these colonies and dJs^^tVarfem th^ 
Empire are united by telegraph. There are Hues 
reaching to India and to Australia, as well as to 
America. 

The army of England consists of over a million men, 
and as English soldiers are said to be among the best 
and bravest soldiers in the world, England is well able 
to defend herself. All of these men are not stationed 
in England, but in different parts of the Empire. 
Some are at home, others in the colonies, and in India. 

England has the largest and strongest navy in the 
world. She needs many war ships, because her pos- 
sessions are scattered through so many parts of the 
earth. 

If we could but visit each of these British posses- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 43 

sions or colonies, what wonderful things might we not 
see! But we will content ourselves for the present 
year with a short visit in England and Wales, and a 
month each in Scotland and Ireland. 

NORTHERN ENGLAND. 

We have seen England's two most important cities, 
its favorite summer resorts, and something of the life 
of the people in both city and country. Now let us 
visit some of the places made famous by English his- 
tory or literature. We will begin at the far north and 
travel southward, stopping wherever there is a place 
of especial interest or beauty. 

We find England on the north separated from Scot- 
land by the Cheviot Hills. South of the hills there 
are high, dreary, wild moorlands, with little vegeta- 
tion excepting grass and heather, which the Scotch 
people love so much. Farther south are plains and 
valleys, quarries and mines of coal and iron. These 
mining districts are manufacturing centers, and here 
are many of England's largest and busiest cities. 

Northumberland is a busy mining district, whose 
chief city is Newcastle. Look at the mouth of the 
River Tyne. What a fine harbor! See the hundreds 
of vessels coming and going. Those from foreign 
lands are laden with provisions. Those going out are 
carrying coal. The castle, from which the city was 
named, still stands, and part of it is used for a museum 
for the war relics found in the neighborhood. South 
of this county lies Durham, another county rich in 
coal. 

Near the coast of this part of England, are the 



44 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Fame Islands. On one of these islands is a light- 
house, and it was here that Grace Darling lived. Her 
father was the light-house keeper. You have heard 



r 




A MARKET PLACE. 



of this brave girl who saved the lives of so many ship- 
wrecked soldiers, I am sure. When she died many of 
the leading men of England followed her to the grave. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 45 

A monument was raised to her memory, too, and she 
will always be remembered as one of the bravest 
women in England. 

Not far away is another island called ''Holy Isle.'' 
It was used as a refuge by persecuted priests in olden 
times. Sir Walter Scott has told us about it in a 
poem called ' ' Marmion." 

The counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, in 
the Northwestern part of England, are especially noted 
for their beautiful lakes and mountains. The largest 
lake, Windermere, does not seem very large to us. It 
is but little over ten miles long, and the highest moun- 
tain, Scafell, is less than 3,000 feet in height, yet the 
country :s attractive to every traveler. 

One reason for this is that three of England's most 
celebrated poets made this lake country their home, 
and the subject of many of their poems. These men 
were W^ordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Words- 
worth lived at Rydal and at Grasmere, where he is 
buried. Almost his entire hfe of eighty years was 
passed in this lovely lake county, and many of 
his poems have been written about it. He believed 
that too much had been written of heroes and knights, 
and so he wrote of the simple, honest people among 
whom he lived, and the beautiful things in nature — 
the flowers, fields, forests, the brooks and birds. 

East of Westmoreland, and south of Durham, lies 
Yorkshire, one of the largest counties of England, 
Along the coast are quaint little fishing villages and 
towns used as health resorts by the weary workers in 
the manufacturing districts to the southwest. The 
cliffs are of chalk, which have been worn into many 
queer forms by the waves. 



46 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

In this county are the York Wolds, beneath which 
hes a pecuHar kind of stone. It is soft and easily 
worked with the chisel when it is first quarried, but 
with exposure to the air grows hard and flinty. 




YORK CATHEDRAL. 



In the center of Yorkshire we find the old city of 
York, and York Cathedral, which is one of the grand- 
est gothic buildings in the world. England is noted 
for its beautiful cathedrals, but it has only two arch- 
bishoprics — York and Canterbury. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WA.LES. 47 

The cathedral rises from a lovely landscape. The 
country round about is dotted with castles and mon- 
asteries. The building has a grand front and three 
stately towers. The choir and ceilings are carved 
wood, and its windows are richly stained glass. It has 
an east window, which is one of the largest in the 
world. 

There are many other cathedrals of which we have 
read — Ely, considered the most beautiful, and Sahs- 
bury, which has the loftiest spire in all England; and 
Lincoln and Exeter. How we wish we might see each, 
but time will not permit. 

In the western part of Yorkshire are wild, bleak, 
swampy moorlands. The hills are high and in some 
places barren, in others covered with heather, gorse 
and moss. There are few houses or signs of life of any 
kind. Even the birds seem to have forsaken the place. 

South of Yorkshire the land along the coast is low, 
flat and marshy. It is known as the fen district. It 
is not a pleasant country in which to travel, and we 
will not stop there. 

MANUFACTURING CITIES. 

England is a land of large towns and great manu- 
facturies. So large is its population that it is said the 
crops raised on its farms each year would not feed the 
inhabitants three months. What do the people do 
then for their food? They must import it from other 
countries, and in order to give employment to the peo- 
ple that will provide them with the means to buy food 
and other necessities England has become a manufac- 
turing nation. If the people lack material they send 



48 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

out ships to the countries that produce it and buy it. 
They carry it back to England, make it up into use- 
ful articles and sell them back to the countries that 
furnished the raw material. 

A few hours' ride southward from the Lake District 
brings us to a group of manufacturing towns. We 
can not visit all, but will find out what each is cele- 
brated for and visit as many as we can. There are 
Leeds and Bradford, noted for the manufacture of 
woolen goods. Much of the broadcloth we use in the 
States may come from the towns in the west of York- 
shire. Leeds is also noted for porcelain china; Sheffield 
for cutlery; Birmingham for plated ware; Manchester, 
Wigan, and Preston for cotton. 

Sheffield is set in the midst of this moorland coun^- 
try. About it are hills and valleys, and beautiful 
streams, yet the city itself is one of the ugliest places 
in the world. The streets are narrow and dirty. The 
air is filled with steam and smoke, and the rattle and 
thump of machinery fill one's ears on every hand. 

Yet this disagreeable town contributes much to the 
comfort of the people everywhere. It sends out rails 
with which to build our railroads, it makes the plates 
which encase our steamers, it makes the scythes with 
which we cut our grain, the knives and forks and spoons 
on our tables, and perhaps the scissors and pocket 
knives that we have with us. 

We wish to see cotton spinning and calico printing, 
so visit Manchester, for this city alone has a hundred 
cotton mills. It is the third city in size in England, 
having a population of 543,969. It is connected with 
Liverpool by a huge canal, which really makes it a sea- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 49 

port town. This canal is thirty-six miles long, one 
hundred and twenty feet wide and twenty feet deep. 
Ships laden with cotton from our own shores, come 
through this canal and unload their cargoes almost at 
the doors of Manchester's great mills. 




A MARKET WOMAN. 

The most interesting place in the city is the Ex- 
change, an immense building where the buyers and 
sellers of cotton meet on certain days. Crowds of peo- 
ple from many parts of the country are present on these 
market days and the Exchange is a lively scene. 

North of Manchester is the city of Preston, another 
cotton manufacturing town. It was at this place that 



50 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

the inventor of the spinning-jinny, Richard Ark- 
wright, was born. 

North of Birmingham we enter a belt of England 
called the Black Country, because there is so much 
black smoke and dust from the great manufacture of 




KENILWORTH CASTLE. 



iron. Tall chimneys and furnaces are everywhere, 
with their clouds of smoke and flames. At night it 
seems as if we were in the midst of a number of vol- 
canoes. The country is covered with a network of 
railways and mines, and the roar and rumble of ma- 
chinery is heard in every busy town. 

Birmingham is the fourth city of England in size, 
containing 522,182 inhabitants. It is one of the bus- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 51 

iest cities in the world. Almost every thing under the 
sun is manufactured here, and it is sometimes called 
the toyshop of Europe. The Gillot pen we use is 
made here, and guns, nails, screws, pins, watch chains, 
jewelry of all kinds, pencil cases, buttons, glass beads, 
sewing machines, bicycles, tools of many kinds and 
almost every kind of metallic ware. 

Birmingham has a fine town hall that contains a 
magnificent pipe organ. Every third year a grand 
musical festival is held, and musical people from all 
over England attend the concerts. 

Had we but time we would visit Witney, where 
blankets are made; Kidderminster, to see carpets wov- 
en; Spitalfields and Macclesfield, for silks; Barnsby for 
linen, Coventry for watches and ribbons, Plamilton for 
lace, and Nottingham for lace, stockings, boots and 

shoes 

THE GARDEN OF ENGLAND. 

We are now in the great county of Warwickshire, 
sometimes called the Garden of England. It is a 
quiet, peaceful farm country, with fertile fields, perfect 
roads and cosy vine-covered cottage homes. The 
town of Kenilworth itself interests us little. It is the 
castle, a mile beyond, we wish to see. 

The ruins of this castle are probably the grandest 
in England. This stately old building covers several 
acres, and is enclosed by lofty walls fifteen feet think. 
These walls are strengthened by massive crumbling 
towers, now partly covered with ivy. One part is 
called the Normon Keep, and was at one time three or 
four stories high. There are broken arches, uncased 
windows, a great banquet hall with fallen stones, 



52 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

great kitchens where the feasts were prepared for the 
noble occupants and their guests. 

The castle is very old, but some parts more so than 
others. As the place passed from one owner to an- 
other, additions were made. 




WARWICK CASTLE. 



This castle was a favorite resort of kings and queens 
in the olden times. During the reign of Edward I, a 
grand tournament was held here, in which a hundred 
knights, with their ladies, were in attendance. Sir 
Walter Scott has'told us all about it in his story of 
Kenilwnrth. 

The situation of the castle adds much to its beauty. 
It is elevated above the surrounding country, and sur- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 53 

rounded with sloping meadows, shady groves and 
pasture lands. 

^'ive miles from Kenilworth, on the bank of the 
Avon River, is another famous place, Warwick castle. 
From the bridge of the river we have a fine view of 
the castle. It is a fine old place, containing relics of 
the past which are of interest to every student of 
Enghsh history. Some of these relics are kept in a 
room in the gateway. Among others are the shield, 
sword, breast-plate and helmet of the former owner, 
Guy of Warwick. 

In some of the rooms are paintings, busts, vases 
and rare old pieces of furniture that we would like to 
examine carefully, but the guide rushes us through 
and leads us at last to Guy's Tower for a view of the 
surrounding neighborhood. 

STRATFORD. 

About eight miles away is the old town of Stratford, 
sacred to the memory of the world's greatest poet, 
William Shakespeare. Stratford-on-Avon is a sleepy 
little place, with pleasant and quaint old houses, with 
flowers on the window-sills or porches, and vines and 
climbing roses over the walls. 

By the river bank stands the church where the poet 
is buried. It is in a grove of ancient elms, and sur- 
rounded by the graves of those who died three 
hundred years ago. It is a beautiful little building, 
and Shakespeare loved it. He asked to be buried be- 
neath its chapel, and his wish was respected. In the 
floor of the chancel we find the plain marble slab that 
marks his resting place. Upon the slab are cut these 
words : 



54 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

' ' Good friend, for Jesus sake f orbeare, 
To digg the dust enclosed heare; 
Blest be he that spares these stones, 
And cursed be he that moves my bones." 

Above this tablet in a niche in the wall of the chan- 
cel is a marble bust of the poet, which is thought to 
have been a likeness. Farther down the river bank 
stands Shakespeare Memorial Theatre and Library, 
which was opened with a grand festival on the 315th 
anniversary of the poet's birth, April 23, 1879. 

The town has also a beautiful memorial drinking 
fountain, which was given by an American, George W. 
Childs. 

The house where the poet was born is in the center 
of the town, and not far from the church. It is a low 
wooden house, built in the old English fashion, with 
oak timbers filled in with plaster or clay. Inside the 
house the timbers are black with age, and the rough 
walls are covered with the names of visitors. Among 
these are the names of Dickens and Tennyson. 

Some of the rooms on the second floor are used as a 
museum, where are gathered a few Shakespeare relics. 
His portrait is shown, and his chair and desk and a 
few other articles. The house is cared for by a keep- 
er, who was placed in charge by the English govern- 
ment. 

Nowhere in England is the country so lovely as 
that part along the Thames, through which we are 
now going. Every vine-clad cottage is a picture, every 
hedge and lane a thing of beauty. 

We are almost at Oxford. What grand old build- 
ings are these looming up before us? They are col- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 55 

leges, for Oxford is a college town. Young men come 
here to live after they have left school and stay for 
three or four years to finish their education. 

Oxford University consists of a large number of 
separate colleges united under one head. There 




OXFORD, ENGLAND. 



are twenty-three of these independent colleges. The 
president of this college is always a nobleman, who 
holds this position for life. Lectures are given by pro- 
fessors, as in our own colleges, but many of the stu- 
dents are assisted in their studies by private tutors. 
There are many vacations in college life, but studies 
often go on just the same away from college, with the 
aid of these tutors. 



56 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

We can see many of the students walking about 
with a queer looking cap on their heads and little black 
gown over their shoulders. Let us enter the gate and 
walk about the gardens a while. 

The buildings are some of them over 600 years old, 
and they look it. The stone shows the effect of the 
weather. But inside, the rooms are very comfortable. 
There are easy chairs and sofas, and flowers in the win- 
dows. In the dining room are long tables, where all 
the men dine. The walls have many pictures. 

Where are the men? Some of them are under the 
trees smoking and drinking. Others are playing lawn 
tennis and cricket, and others are practicing races on the 
river. This is the chapel where prayers are said every 
night and morning. The students must attend whether 
they wish to or not, and a porter stands at the door 
before services to check their names off, as they enter. 

Who are those men dressed in white flannels? They 
have just come from the station in large wagonettes 
drawn by four horses. They are cricketers come to 
the college grounds to play a match. 

Now let us go down to the river to see the college 
races. How gay the river is. See the yachts cruising 
up and down with their white sails flying. There are 
flat-bottomed boats too, called punts. In them are 
men lying at full length on cushions, and with books 
in their hands. How comfortable they look. These 
punts are pushed along by a man with a pole in his 
hand. 

There are barges by the side of the river, too. They 
belong to the colleges, and inside them are easy chairs 
and couches and books. What a pleasant place to 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 57 

rest. There are big boats called tubs, that cannot 
upset easily, and slim boats shooting rapidly through 
the water. There are eight men in the boats, called 
the College Eights. They are going to race. There 
is a crowd of college men on the bank on their way up 
the river, too. They are going to watch the races. 

A gun is fired; that is the signal, and the boats are 
off. The men on the' bank cheer the men of their own 
college crew, and urge them on to do their best. The 
Englishmen at this college spend a great deal of time 
boating and at other out-of-door sports, but they do 
much studying, too. There are examinations to pass, 
and they are anxious to carry off honors. If a stu- 
dent fails a certain number of times he cannot com- 
pete for honors again. 

Many of the great men of England have been edu- 
cated in this university, and England is very proud of 
the place. Oxford is thought by many people to be 
one of the most beautiful httle cities in the world. It 
has both old-fashioned and modern buildings, stately 
halls and libraries, chapels with spires and pinnacles 
like cathedrals, ivy-covered walls and towers, lovely 
garden lawns and walks shaded by grand old trees. 

Cambridge is another university town, with almost 
as many colleges as Oxford, and quite as noted. 

CANTERBURY. 

To see the most interesting of all England^ s cathe- 
drals, we must go to the county of Kent in the south- 
eastern part of England. In the old city of Canter- 
bury, on the site occupied hundreds of years ago by 
the first church, now stands a magnificent cathedral. 



58 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Cathedral means a church built in the form of a Greek 
or Latin cross, and containing a bishop's seat or 
throne. 

The bishop of Canterbury is the head of the Eng- 
lish church, and ranks next to royalty. He is the 
first peer of the land, and he alone has authority 
to crown the monarchs of England, though the 
ceremony is performed in Westminster Abbey in 
London. His London residence is Lambeth Palace 
on the Thames, not far from the Parliament House. 



Ill H 




CANTERBURY. 

SOUTHERN ENGLAND. 

In the southern part of England is the great 
Plain of Salisbury, with pleasant, prosperous farms 
and fertile fields. Long years ago this plain was the 
scene of many a fierce battle between the Britains and 
their enemies, and hosts of warriors lie buried here. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 59 




CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 



At Stonehenge we find the ruins of an open temple, 
built by the ancient Britons for use in Druid worship. 
It consists at present of three concentric circles of 
huge granite boulders. Some of these are twenty feet 
high, and weigh from twelve to seventy tons. These 
were connected by enormous flat stones, too large to 
have been lifted by human hands. It seems as if 
these ancient people must have had machinery, but 
no one knows. 

South of the Island of Wight, across the channel 
and near the coast of France, lies a group of islands 
called the Channel Islands. The largest of these are 
the Guersey, Jersey, Alderney and Sark. Where have 
you heard these names before? They sound very 
familiar. Who has not heard of Jersey and Alderney 
cows? 



60 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

These islands are noted for their fine cattle, choice 
fruits and flowers, for their delightful winter climate 
and picturesque scenery. 

England's two great naval ports are Portsmouth 
and Plymouth. In Portsmouth harbor 1,000 ships 
can be at anchor at the same time. It is a strongly 




LYNMOUTH HARBOR. 



fortified town, and the principal naval station of Eng- 
land. Its streets are full of soldiers, and in its har- 
bors are many modern warships. 

The dress of the English soldiers at the forts seems 
rather odd to us. They wear little caps stuck on the 
side of the head, and their clothes are very tight. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 61 

The port of Plymouth is also on the southern coast 
of England. It was from this harbor that the May- 
flower started to make its journey to America. It 
was for this town that the first Plymouth in the 
States was named. There is little to see but the 
arsenals, dockyards, warships and forts. 

Fourteen miles to the south is the Eddystone light- 
house, whose light can be seen many miles out at sea 

by the sailors. 

CORNWALL. 

Cornwall is a little county in the western end of 
England, including Land's End. It is a bleak, bare, 
hilly country, with a wild, rugged coast. But the 
riches of the country he underground, for Cornwall 
furnishes nine-tenths of all the tin and one-half of all 
the copper produced by the whole British Isles. It is 
a splendid place to collect specimens of ores, for one 
can find all sorts of rocks, such as granite, porphyry, 
horneblend, mica-slate, serpentine, as well as tin and 
copper. 

The best tin mines are on the south side of Corn- 
wall, and we can visit one of these mines that is open 
to the day- light, and see the men and horses moving 
about at work! Near Cape Cornwall is a copper mine 
that extends under the sea. Veins of copper run along 
the cliffs into the sea, and are hidden in the water, 
but a tram-road has been built down a precipice and 
the mine is entered by ladders until below the sea 
level. The salt water oozes through the ceihng and 
the ocean roars over the heads of the miners as they 
work. 

We notice many buildings deserted and in ruins, and 



62 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

are told that some of the mines have been closed because 
mining has ceased to be profitable. The miners have 
many of them gone to America to the copper mines in 
Colorado, Nevada and Michigan. 

There are many brave and noble people among 
the rough fisherfolk of Cornwall. Many a sailor has 
been saved from an ocean grave by their kindness. 
They often risk their own lives to rescue others from 
danger, and think nothing of it. 

At the extreme end of Cornwall is a little island 
called St. MichaeFs Mount. It rises straight up from 
the water to a height of two hundred feet. One can 
reach it from the mainland by a natural rocky cause- 
way, one-half a mile long. This causeway is under 
water except at low tide, three hours every day. On 
the top is a very old castle, said to have been the home 
of hermits long ago. 

From Land's End we go out to the Scilly Islands. 
There are a great many of these, but only five of them 
are inhabited. The people who live here call them- 
selves Scillonians, but other people call them '^Scilly 
Folk.'' The climate of the islands is mild, and the 
rocks enclose many fertile little valleys which are used 
for flower farms. Here flowers of all kinds are culti- 
vated during the winter — jonquils, daffodills, crocuses, 
nacissuses — and sent to London and other large cities, 
where they find a ready market. 

How quickly time flies ! Our month is almost over 
and we have not yet seen Wales. 



A Little Journey to 
Wales 



Wales, though one of our nearest neighbors across 
the sea, is not visited by travellers so often as other 
parts of Great Britain, and the people who have visited 
it have told us so little about the country that we are 
very anxious to see it. 

It is not a large country, having but a fourth the 
area of the state of Ohio. Its greatest length from 
north to south is only 140 miles, while its width in 
places is but 40 miles, a distance a railway train will 
cover in an hour. 

Wales is a very old country and will well repay us 
for the time we shall spend journeying through it, for 
it is most interesting to both the student and the 
tourist. Though so small, and connected so closely 
with England and Scotland, it has a people and a lan- 
guage as different from those of the other portions of 
Great Britain as the people and the language of Mexico 
are from our own. 

At one time Wales was a land of warriors. Before 
gunpowder was known, their weapons were the lance 
and the bow, in the use of which they were very ex- 
pert. 

They were being attacked continually by the people 
of different countries who wished to subdue them, but 
they were very brave and always ready to defend 
themselves. They did not then have farms and culti- 



63 



64 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

vate the land as now, but they had flocks of sheep and 
herds of cattle, which gave them food. 

The people of Wales have always kept much to 
themselves, and have been very jealous to preserve the 
purity of their language, and their customs of life. 
Thus they have kept themselves as a distinct race 
from the English people. 

Because they were thus able to defend their land, 
and keep themselves separate from others, they were 
called ^^ Welsh," which means ^^ strangers.'^ But the 
Welsh have always called themselves ''Cymri," which 
is a word of their own language and means ^^ native to 
the soil." 

As Wales was through many centuries the scene of 
constant warfare, which was always a heroic struggle 
to maintain freedom against the attacks of different 
powerful nations, we shall find everywhere the remains 
of encampments, fortresses, castles and fortified man- 
sions, t,elling where their battles were fought long ago. 

Wales is the south-west portion of the island of 
Great Britain; it is bounded on the north by the Irish 
Sea, and by the estuary of the River Dee; west by St. 
George's Channel; south by the Bristol Channel, and 
east by counties of England. 

The estuary of a river is its mouth, where the cur- 
rent of the river, flowing out, meets and mingles with 
the inflowing tide of the sea. 

CHESTER. 

Six miles from the border line that separates Wales 
from England, is the town of Chester. It is situated 
on the river Dee, — the very river the old song tells us 
about. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 65 

There dwelt a miller hale and bold 

Beside the river Dee; 
He worked and sang from morn till night, 

No lark more blitlie than he. 

This is the place from which most travellers start to 
visit Wales, and it is a very good place to come, for it 
is more like a Welsh than an English city. It has a 




OLD CHESTER, WALES. 

population of 40,000 people, and so many of them are 
Welsh that some people imagine when here they are 
already in Wales. 

The city is surromided by a wall seven or eight feet 
thick, and on the top is a walk where people go to 



66 A IJTTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

promenade and get a view of the country. This wall 
is very, very old. No one knows just who built it, but 
it is thought to have been built by the E,omans who 
invaded England centuries ago. What wonderful 
workers and warriors those old Romans were. But 
they found their match when they met the sturdy 
Welshmen, and they probably felt the need of stone 
walls to protect them from the attacks of these 
patriots. 

What queer old houses ! And the sidewalks ! There 
are none like them in the world. They are built on 
the roofs of the houses, and covered with galleries to 
protect the promenaders from the rain. The only in- 
convenient thing about these walks is that one has to 
go down and up again at each cross street. 

Leaving Chester we cross the river and follow its 
banks for a time. When the tide is in it looks like a 
very noble river, but when the tide is out it shrinks to 
a tiny creek. It does not seem to be used much now 
for purposes of navigation, though it was once more im- 
portant than the Mersey, the great river that carries 
the shipping of Liverpool. 

The train bears us swiftly through the country, past 
towns and villages, into the hills. What a beautiful 
country! Look at the tall mountains just ahead. 
We are approaching the Snowdon Range, the great 
mountain range of Wales. The mountain is pierced 
by a tunnel, through which our train carries us. 

The highest peak in this range is also called Snow- 
don. It means a snowy height. It is the highest 
mountain in either England or Whales, rising 3,770 feet 
above the sea. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 67 

The top of this mountain is not more than six or 
seven yards in diameter and is surrounded b}^ a wall. 
People often go up to the top for a view of the coun- 
try, or to see the sun rise. From this point one can 
see much of North Wales, of the sea, and nearly fifty 
lakes, or ^^tarns,'' as the Welsh people call them. On 




SNOW DON. 



the rocky hill sides ponies, sheep and goats are graz- 
ing. What lively animals these goats are. They 
jump from one crag to another as no other animal 
could. The Welsh people are very fond of goats, and 
often make pets of them. 



(jS a little journey to ENGLAND AND WALES. 

What dear little ponies, with shaggy coats and long 
manes. We will soon want some of them for a ride 
through the mountains. They are surer footed than 
any human being, and they know every road and path 
for miles around. ^ 

This is the most mountainous district that we shall 
see in North Wales, but there are also extensive moors. 
These moors are tracts of waste land whose soil is too 
poor to repay cultivation. They are usually covered 
with patches of heath (or heather, as it is also called), 
and are sometimes wet and marshy. Peat bogs, too, 
are found on these moors. 

Let us stop to take a closer look at the heather, 
which is a useful plant, if it does grow in waste places. 
Here is a clump of it, and we find that it is a low- 
growing shrub, with very small evergreen leaves. It 
is in bloom, and its clusters of pink flowers are very 
lovely. 

The heather is used for brooms, for thatching the 
roofs of the humbler homes, for beds for the poor, and 
for fuel. We shall see few more beautiful sights than 
this field of heather%ri bloom. 

Now we come to Holywell Station, where we v/ill 
stop long enough to visit the picturesque ruin of Bas- 
ingwerk Abbey, which is close by. 

Some famous dikes are near. Watt's Dike ends 
at the coag.t,xiear Basing werk, while Offa's Dike runs 
southward as far as the mouth of the Wye River — 
that is almost to the southern part of Wales. 

These dikes are embankments, such as we ma}^ see 
along the rivers in various parts of the United States, 
where they have been built to protect low lands from 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 69 




70 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

the river's overflow. With us they are called levees. 

Further on we come to Conway, an ancient fortified 
town. Here stands Conway Castle, a magnificent fort- 
ress, now the most beautiful ruin in Wales. 

This castle was built by King Edward I to hold the 
Welsh in check. The walls of this castle are twelve 
and fifteen feet in thickness, and strengthened by 
eight massive circular towers. Here, at least, we may 
wander about without guides to urge us on. We may 
linger in the courts, the towers, the battlements, the 
stairways, the banqueting hall and the chambers as 
long as we wish. The roof of the beautiful banquet- 
ing room is gone, but there are still the wide fire- 
places with their rich carvings. What fine feasts King 
Edward and his nobles must have had in this great 
old hall. 

The wall about the town is IJ miles in length, 12 
feet thick and fortified with towers and battlements. 

Conway River has been celebrated from earliest 
times for its pearl fisheries. The pearls, which are 
sometimes very valuable, are found in the shell of the 
pearl mussel. 

Near Llandudno is the vast rocky promontory called 
Great Ormes Head, and the smaller one called Little 
Ormes Head. The former is now a place for recrea- 
tion. The cliffs are hollowed out by the sea and 
abound with seabirds. 

The scenery in rural Wales is always picturesque, 
and often grand and beautiful. Here and there are 
rounded hills, cultivated to the top, but there is much 
land that is of little use for agriculture. There are 
few ploughed fields, as in England, for the Welsh do 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 71 

not grow much corn. But in the cultivated parts 
good crops of grain and vegetables are grown. 

The hills are occupied by small mountain sheep, 
the Welsh ponies and cattle. There are old farm 
houses, in which generations of the same famil}^ have 
dwelt, and pleasant stone cottages mantled with ivy 
and surrounded by roses. Here and there are stately 
mansions and ruins of castles and strongholds. 

What a clattering noise! What can it be? We are 
near the town of Bangor, and it has slate quarries that 
keep. 25,000 men busy. Look across at that mountain- 
side and you will see a quarry. The Penrhyn slate 
quarries are the largest in the world and quarry about 
300 tons of slate every day. Most of the slate roofs 
of Great Britain come from Wales. 

A closer view of the quarry shows it to be about 
1,000 feet deep. It looks like a huge amphitheater. 
It is interesting to watch the men at work in the 
quarry. Some are blasting, and some are splitting and 
dressing the slate. Only a small part of the slate is 
quarried. There are four kinds of slate, red, blue, 
green and gray, — all found in this quarry. We buy 
some little objects carved in slate to take home as 
souvenirs, and then visit the Castle. At Penrhyn 
Castle lives Lord Penrhyn, who owns the quarries. It 
is a magnificent place with a park seven miles in cir- 
cumference. The park is surrounded by a high slate 
fence, to keep out intruders. 

Bangor is one of the oldest cities of Wales. It has 
a fine cathedral and the University or College of North 
Wales; but the thing that interests us most in this 
neighborhood are the two magnificent bridges crossing 



72 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Menai Strait and connecting the mainland with the 
island of Anglesey. 

The Menai Strait is the piece of water running 
between the island and the coast. See the wonderful 
bridge that goes across! It is the longest bridge in 
Great Britain, and is so high that large ships can pass 




MENAI STRAIT SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 



under it without lowering their masts. It is made of 
thousands of pieces of iron and will carry the heaviest 
trains. This bridge, called Britannia, cost over half a 
million dollars and was five years in being built. 

Crossing to Anglesey we come to Holyhead, the 
market town of North Wales, and an important point 
in Anglesey. Holyhead is on an island which is con- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 73 

nected with the mainland by a huge embankment 
three quarters of a mile in length. (This is the termi- 
nation of the great railroads from London and Chester, 
and the most convenient point from which to depart 
for Ireland.) 

There is a great pier, nearly 1,000 feet in length. 




CAEKNARVON CASTLE, WALES 



upon which is a marble arch, which was erected in 
honor of the visit of King George IV. in 1821. On 
South Stack, a lonely rock three miles west, is a light- 
house, which has a powerful light, 212 feet above high 
water mark. If we wish, we may go up and inspect 
its great lamps, for there are twenty-one in all, with 



74 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

powerful reflectors, which at night throw out their 
light to guide the ships safely into port. 

The promontory of the Head is an immense preci- 
pice, which affords shelter for innumerable seabirds, 
such as gulls, cormorants, herons and razor-bills. On 
the highest crag is the home of the peregrine falcon, 
the bird so greatly esteemed when falconry was the 
fashionable sport of the nobles. 

Journeying on we come to Caernarvon, an old, old 
town situated on the Menai Strait. Its Castle is re- 
garded as the finest in the kingdom and was designed 
by the architect of Conway Castle. This was also 
built by Edward the First, and it was here that the 
first Prince of Wales was born. The oldest son of 
Great Britain's ruling monarch is still called the Prince 
of Wales. 

Leaving Caernarvon we find our surroundings 
changed almost at once. Great, bleak hills rise about 
us. The green hedges give place to stone walls. The 
pastures are wild and rocky. From the town of Dan- 
berls we drive through the famous pass of Danberis. 
P or miles we are shut in by the great bare mountains, 
with just space for the roadway. 

Merioneth has much of the most beautiful scenery 
of Wales. Its lofty mountains contain deep, dark 
dells. Rich foliage covers its crags. There are wide 
sea views; and rivers, lakes and waterfalls add to the 
attraction. In the higher altitudes the climate is bleak, 
while in the lower lands myrtle grows in the open air. 

Near Dolgelly, the most important town in Merioneth, 
are many celebrated waterfalls. The most magnificent 
one of all is a narrow stream rushing down a rugged 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 75 




76 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

/ 

slope, at least 150 feet in descent. Large fragments 
of rock scattered about at the bottom of the fall give 
a look of wild desolation to th§^cene. 

At Milford Haven, in Peniferokeshire, we find one 
of Great Britain's finest harbors. To the eye it has 
the appearance of an inimense lake, and is so land- 




PKTTWYS-Y-COED (SWALLOW FALLS), WAL ES. 

locked, or-enclosed by jutting points of land, as to be 
secure from winds and tempests. This is important, 
for Pembroke, while having a climate that is warm 
and mild, is exposed to severe gales. 

Flowers, fruit and vegetables are produced earlier 
here than in most other parts of the United Kingdom. 
The homes of the farmers are comfortable and are 
generally built of stone, but the cottages of the peas- 
ants are mostly huts built of a clay and straw com- 
pound called ^^clom.'' 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 77 

A WELSH HOME. 

Let us stop for awhile at this farmer's home. How 
pretty it is! The roof is thatched and the lattice win- 
dows filled with flowers. Climbing roses and vines 
almost cover the walls. Behind the house is an orch- 
ard of apple and pear trees. 

Inside the rooms are neat, clean and attractive. 
White curtains are at the windows; and a cheerful fire 
blazes upon the hearth, for the day is chilly. On 
either side of this fire-place is an old oaken settee. 
Against the wall is a dresser, on which are displayed 
some curious pieces of old china. Not a speck of dust 
or dirt can'be seen anywhere — not even in the kitchen 
grate. 

A man and a woman seated in the room rise as we 
enter. The man is tall and strong; he wears a white 
coat of coarse cloth (frieze), corduroy breeches coming 
to the knee, gray woolen stockings, and stout shoes. 
His wife wears a long, blue, woolen gown, crimson pet- 
ticoat and white apron, broad shoes with buckles, and 
a kind of round hat. 

When the Welsh people meet each other their greet- 
ings are peculiar, and to::fus would appear tedious. 
^'How is thy heart ?'nh^ ask. Then ^'How are the good 
wife at home, the children and the rest of the family?^' 

These country people are always^ hospitable. A 
stranger may travel amongst them without any ex- 
pense for food or lodging. Their fare may be coarse, 
but it is wholesome, consisting of bread or oatmeal ^ 
with milk, butter, cheese, and potatoes; also with fish ^ 
if they are near streams or the seashore. In winter 
they have bacon, dry salted beef, mutton, and si^oked 
venison. 



78 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

The farmers' wives are as thrifty as it is possible 
for women to be. Ten or twelve children is the usual 
number among the farmers^ families. Most of the 
women are strong, and are great workers and walkers. 

Even among the wealthy farmers the wives look 
after the dairy, and make the butter and cheese. 
They entertain a great deal if they live near a city, 




A WELSH HOME. 



and a meal in one of these homes will long be remem- 
bered, for the women are famous cooks. 

The women of Wales engage in almost all occupa- 
tions that are open to men. They are commonly to 
be seen at work in the fields, and are employed as por- 
ters, ticket sellers, station keepers, and in banks and 
offices. They enjoy outdoor labor, and do not con- 
sider it beneath them. They may be seen in groups 
in the fields, singing and laughing at their work. 

The Welshmen are hard workers; many of them 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 79 

find their employment in the mines and quarries, 
where the toil is most severe and the hours of labor 
long. Their hohdays they spend smoking their pipes 





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OLD WELSH COSTUMES. 



in their cabins, or walking about the fields and roads 
near by. Though hospitable, they practice close 



80 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

economy, and are shrewd and crafty in their deahngs. 

In the west of Wales, at Glamargan, there are num- 
bers of women who get their Hving by selMng cockles. 
They go about their daily rounds crying, ^'Cockles, 
fresh cockles, fine cockles! Will you buy my fresh 
cockles?'' These cockles are much in demand in 
Wel^h market places. 

Very picturesque figures these^ cockle women are, 
too. They wear short dresses of red and black flan- 
nel, which are turned up in front and pinned close in 
under the waist at the back. Flannel aprons protect 
the dresses. Snowy kerchiefs are worn about the 
throat, and sometimes neat white caps under the 
Welsh hats. Little shawls are worn over the shoul- 
ders. 

In the west part of Wales we see the old Welsh cos- 
tumes, which the people in other parts of Wales have 
laid aside. Here the women still wear tall beaver 
hats with broad brims that look somewhat like the 
stove-pipe hats worn by men years ago. These women 
wear shoit gray or red flannel skirts, black or red 
dresses, long pointed bodices hooked in front, and flan- 
nel aprons. Kerchief and cap complete the costume. 

WELSH riARRIAQES. 

A marriage among the Welsh is surrounded by 
many curious customs which have survived from old 
times. On the occasion of the marriage, a ^ ^bidder'' 
goes from house to house inviting guests to the wed- 
ding. The ceremony always takes place on a Satur- 
day, but the guests assemble on Friday with their 
presents. On Saturday ten to twenty of the groom's 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WAI;ES. 81 

friends who are best mounted, go to demand the 
bride. She is placed on a horse behind her father, 
who rides off as fast as he can. He is soon overtaken, 
however, and the bride brought back. Presents con- 
tinue to be received on Saturday and Sunday, and on 
Monday they are sold. Sometimes quite an amount 
is received from the sale, perhaps two hundred or 
three hundred dollars, which is quite a help to the 
young country couple. 

FAIRS. 

Wales is said to be the greatest country in the 
world for fairs. We begin to think this is true, for 
wherever we go we find the people holding out-of- 
door fairs of some sort. 

We are going now to attend one of these gatherings 
just a little way down the street of this country town. 
The country roads and streets are filled with people 
all bound for the fair. There are many farmers, some 
of the tradespeople of the town, and servants of the 
well-to-do people who own country places near by. 
Donkey carts go past laden with cherries, hazel nuts 
and other good things to tempt the buyer at the fair. 

On the grounds we find tents for the sale of food, 
fruits and drinks. Peddlers walk about with various 
articles for sale. Here is one with canes or walking 
sticks. He carries them in a deep old willow basket, 
shaped hke a section of stovepipe. 

Among the things to amuse the people we see a big 
image like a great jumping- jack: it is six feet high, 
with a ''pudding'^ in its stomach, and bells on its 
head. The ''pudding'' is of cloth with some soft 



82 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

stuffing, and by striking this you test your strength, 
When you hit it a straight blow the bells ring, thus 
showing your force and skill. 

There are other strength testers, games of chance, 
etc. There is a shooting gallery, attended by a big, 
good-natured girl. 

Out-of-door fairs of various sorts are held all over 
Wales at all seasons of the year. These gatherings 
had, as their original purpose, the bringing together of 
the people for the purpose of selling and buying the 
produce of the country. Many of them now are 
wholly for pleasure and for racing. 

Before large towns existed, all sorts of goods and 
necessaries of life, which can now be bought in shops, 
were sold at these fairs, and everybody went to them. 

Among the different sorts of fairs are the horse 
shows, flower shows, Christmas shows, fat cattle shows, 
poultry shows, etc.; while other gatherings bear such 
unique names as Warm Fair, Winter Fair, Midsum- 
mer Fair, Martinmas Fair, October Fair, April Fair, 
Dish Fair, Pear Fair — a list without end. 

Llangellen Fair is one held principally for purposes 
of barter. It is held in a little square in the town, 
half way across which extends a row of carts filled 
with pigs. Near by stand the owners, men and 
women, dickering with the buyers. The pigs are 
small, and the buyers carry them away in their arms, 
while the porkers squeal. 

Cattle are sold at this fair, also; and a curious cus- 
tom is that each bargain is concluded with a slap of 
the hand between buyer and seller. 

The Hiring Fair is a peculiar institution, to which 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 83 

come serving men and maidens in vast number, and 
farmers in search of toilers for the coming year. 

We cannot pause at every point of interest, for, if we 
did, we should hardly make any progress at all. Yet 
there are some points it will not do to miss, and one of 
these is LlanfyUin, where a market is held every Thurs- 




A WELSH GIRL CROSSIKG A FORD. 



day. Here also are held six annual fairs, the chief 
purpose of which is to bring in the celebrated Welsh 
ponies, called Merlins, for sale. On these days the 
usually quiet town is transformed into a very busy 
place. Early in the morning the farmers and breeders 
of ponies from the country all about may be seen on 
every road leading into TJanfjdlin, each one with a 
large or small herd of the ponies. 



84 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

In the town the streets are soon thronged, the lively 
little animals being the center of attraction. Buyers 
come from a distance, and bargaining, buying and 
selling go on at a lively rate. 

A local fair worth visiting is the Cattle Fair in the 
old town of Carmarthen. This place was once the 
capital of Wales, for centuries the seat of kings and 
the home of the Welsh Parliament. It is now a dull 
agricultural town, and its streets are busy only on 
great market and fair days. At this fair no language 
but Welsh is heard — the hawkers cry their wares in 
Welsh, and all bartering is.conducted in that language. 

MUSICAL FESTIVALS. 

The Welsh people are extremely fond of music. 
Singing seems as natural to them as to the birds. The 
mother sings to her babe in the cradle; the children sing 
on their way to school; the workmen in the fields sing 
to their horses, and the milk-maid sings to the cows. 

There is singing at the feasts, fairs and festivals, at 
churched and at funerals. The people seem especially 
fond of war songs and we often hear ^The March of 
the Men of Harlech.'' 

The Welsh people hold every year a National Song 
Congress. This is for the purpose of encouraging 
music, Welsh literature, the making of songs similar 
to those sung by the old Bards, to maintain the Welsh 
language and customs, and to promote patriotism. 

The bards were professional poets and singers, whose 
occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of 
the heroic deeds of princes and brave men. It was 
through them that much of the history of the early 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 85 

times was preserved, as their songs and verses, though 
hot written, were taught by parents to children from 
one generation to another, and so kept from being for- 
gotten. 

This festival is called the Eisteddfod. Every little 
town has also its Eisteddfod conducted in the same 
manner as the great festival. 

When a National festival is held the trains bring in 
thousands of people from the towns and country round 
about. Before noon the place is crowded with people 
and vehicles. In this crowd are noblemen and peas- 
ants, fashionable city people and plain country folk, 
clergymen and priests, Druids and Bards, and musi- 
cians without number. 

, There are celebrated harpists and great choirs, some 
of them numbering five hundred voices. The persons 
representing the Druids and Bards conduct a cere- 
mony similar to that conducted hundreds of years 
ago when the Druids and Bards were real people. 

All the Welsh people love poetry, and many com- 
pose and recite it. At the festival of the Eisteddfod, 
prizes and medals are given to the successful contest- 
ants for original poems, stories and songs, for choral 
and solo singing, for singing with the harp, and to the 
best performers on the harp or stringed or wind in- 
struments. 

The highest object of a Welsh Bard's ambition is to 
be the winner at these festivals and to receive the re- 
ward, which is to be seated in a silver chair. This 
ceremony is imposing and is performed with sound of 
trumpets. 

The people value education very highly and make 



86 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

great sacrifices in order to educate their families. The 
population of Wales is less than 2,000,000, yet they 
have four colleges and many schools. 

CARDIFF. 

Cardiff, at the mouth of the River Taff, is the me- 
tropolis of Wales, and the second most important sea- 
port town in Great Britain. It has a population of 
200,000. The docks of Cardiff are famed the world 
over. They were built by the Marquis of Bute, and 
cost over five milhon dollars. At the docks, which 
are walled about with stone piers, are found great ocean 
steamers from every land. More steamers land here 
than at London, and the place is of so much impor- 
tance that the United States has a consul here. 

We find the streets broad and clean. The houses, 
instead of being numbered, are given pretty names, by 
which they are always known. In the country the 
same plan is followed. More than fifty churches may 
be counted here, and we find that in them only the 
Welsh language is spoken. 

Cardiff is the center of England^s greatest coal and 
iron region. It has the largest coal-shipping trade 
in the world, and exports large quantities of iron, and 
manufactures from the southern part of Wales. The 
New South Wales University at this place has over 
3,000 students. 

Another city of importance in the southern part of 
Wales is Swansea, a busy place of over 100,000 inhab- 
itants, at the mouth of the Tarve. It is the chief 
center of the tin-plate trade of England, and is one of 
the most important copper-smelting centers in the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 87 

world. The copper is not found in this part of Wales, 
but is brought from Cornwall and from foreign coun- 
tries to be manufactured here, because of the abund- 
ance and the cheapness of fuel. 

Our last visit will be to the town of St. David's, 
where we see St, David's Cathedral, the finest and 
most interesting church in Wales. Perhaps you won- 
der who Saint David was or is. He is the patron 
saint of Wales. A patron saint is one who is a spec- 
ial protector of a country, place or community. 

This man, who was a prince, devoted his life to 
good deeds and to teaching the people the Christian 
rehgion. The people of Wales have never forgotten 
him, and every year on the third of March religious ex- 
ercises are held in the magnificent cathedral that 
bears his name. The place is now in ruins, yet so 
beautiful is it that in all England there is no finer 

church. 

RELIGION. 

The people of Wales are very religious, and they 
have shown their devotion to their church by erecting 
many fine chapels throughout the country. 

A hundred years ago it was a very unusual thing 
to see a copy of the Bible in the home of a poor fam- 
ily in Wales. You will be interested, I think, to 
know how it happens that the Bible is found in every 
home to-day, because it came through the efforts of a 
poor little peasant Welsh girl. 

This child's name was Mary Jones. She had been 
taught something of the Bible in one of the schools, 
and was very anxious to study it. A farmer who 
lived two miles from her home gave her permission to 



88 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

read his copy. Every week after this for six years 
Mary walked, in all kinds of weather, to the home of 
this man to read this Bible. She began at the same 
time to save up her pennies to buy a book for herself. 
Think of saving your pennies so long as that for a 
book! At last she had enough, and walked fifty miles 
to make her purchase. 

The minister of whom she bought the book told the 
story to the members of a tract society, and suggested 
the need of a society that would furnish Bibles to peo- 
ple who were too poor to buy. The people were much 
touched by the story, and the result was the forma- 
tion of the British and Foreign Bible Society, which 
has since caused the Bible to be printed in every lan- 
guage and circulated all over the world. - 

And now good-bye to England and Wales, for our 
month is ended, and we must be on our way to Scot- 
land. 



SUPPLEMENT 89 



The English News. 



THE QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY. 

England began to celebrate Queen Victorians birth- 
day on Friday, May 24, by order of the king. 

MEMORIAL SERVICES. 

When President McKinley died the English Court was 
ordered into mourning and memorial services were held 
in the cathedrals. The London Chamber of Commerce 
was closed and American tourists were stopped in the 
streets by Englishmen who wished to express their 
sympathy. The King and Queen of England attended 
memorial services at Copenhagen. 

THE CORONATION OF KING EDWARD. 

England is preparing for the coronation of Edward 
VII which is to take place in June, 1902. Speculators 
are already busy securing options on windows and 
house fronts, for the coronation day parade. There 
are many poor people in cheap rooms along the route 
who will have to seek new quarters, their landlords 
finding it more profitable to let for a single day to 
neighbors than for a year to such tenants. 

The celebration of the coronation service in West- 
minster Abbey will take at least four hours. It will 
be followed on the next day by a procession in state 
from Buckingham Palace , for the purpose of tak- 
ing part in a thanksgiving service at St. Paul's Cathe- 
drel. This will give the municipal authorities and the 



90 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Lord Mayor an opportunity to welcome the King in 
a fitting manner. 

The King and Queen and all the royal guests and 
special ambassadors from abroad will take part in this 
procession. It is expected that it will be even more 
stately and gorgeous than the visit of Queen Victoria 
to St. PauPs Cathedral in 1897. The King has given 
an order for 50 extra landaus and 200 horses for use 
during the coronation. 

:f: * * * * * 

The Duke of Cornwall and York and his wife are 
visiting Canada. The Duke is the oldest son of King 
Edward and may be England's next king. The four 
children of the Duke, three boys and a girl, are at 
home in England. 

KING EDWARD'S SALARY. 

The allowance of King Edward VII for the year is 
$2,250,000. This is over a million dollars less than 
the allowance made Queen Victoria and King Edward 
thinks it much too small. Out of this he must keep up 
four royal palaces, with their parks, and provide for 
his children, with the exception of the Duke of Corn- 
wall. The Duke, being heir to the throne, has a 
special allowance of his own. From his allowance 
King Edward must pay his housekeeping and travel- 
ing expenses and make many expensive presents and 
gifts to charity. 

Why is not King Edward's allowance larger? Be- 
cause, England is in debt now and wishes to econo- 
mize. The war with South Africa is costing England 
a great deal of money and is not yet over. 



SUPPLEMENT. 91 

A COAL TAX. 

The British House of Commons has voted to place 
an export tax of a shiUing a ton on coal. This will 
have a direct effect on the business of mine owners 
and their employes will naturally suffer by reason of 
less work and reduced wages. This tax law was levied 
because of the great need of the government for money. 
It is estimated that the present war costs England 
$10,000,000 a week. 

AMERICA'S CUP. 

There are a great many boys and girls who know 
all about America's cup and its defender, but there 
are many more who do not. But they are wondering 
why the papers and magazines are full of pictures of 
the yachts Columbia and the Shamrock II and long 
articles about them and the races. 

These are the yachts that took part in the famous races 
in October which decided the ownership of a silver cup. 
Why all this fuss and excitement about the ownership 
of a cup? Well, it means much more than that, and 
to understand it we will have to know the whole 
story. 

England, you see, has always been famed for her 
sliips and boats of all kinds, and during the World's 
Fair in that country many years ago, America was in- 
vited to enter a yacht in a sailing contest, starting 
at Cowes and saihng around the Isle of Wight. A 
yacht named America was sent to take part in this 
contest, and with this yacht went the builder, whose 
name was George Steers. 

Much to the surprise of everyone but its builder and 



92 A LITTLE JOURNEY- TO ENGLAND AND WALES.' 

captain, America won tHe race; and the silver cup that 
was won is what is now called America's cup. It is 
about twenty-seven inches high and upon it was en- 
graved these words: ''Hundred guinea cup, won Aug. 
22, 1851, at Cowes, England, by Yacht America at the 
Royal Yacht Squadron Regatta, open to all nations, 

beating the .'' Then comes the list of sailing craft 

defeated by America, thirteen in all. 

The America had defeated the best sailors of the 
world and its owner was very proud of it. In 1857 
the cup was given to the New York Yacht Club in 
order that the contest between England and America 
and any other nation might be reopened. The cup 
was then called a perpetual challenge cup, which 
means that any time the owner of a yacht who 
belongs to any foreign yacht club of good standing 
may challenge this country to defend her cup. The 
contest must be held in American waters as long as the 
cup is held by America. If a foreign boat should win 
the race the cup would go to that country. No one 
has ever succeeded, however, tho it is said that Eng- 
land has spent about $4,000,000 in trying. 

The defeated boat, the Shamrock II, is owned by 
Sir Thomas Lipton. It is a fine yacht, and its owner 
hopes to have better luck the next time he races with 
the Columbia. 

A RUSKIN MEMORIAL. 

England has honored Ruskin by placing a memorial 
on the top of Friar's Crag, overlooking Derwentwater 
in the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmore- 
land, England. It consists of a rough, unhewn block 
of the stone of the district. On the side facing the 



SUPPLEMENT 93 

lake is a bronze medallion bearing a low relief head of 
Ruskin and the motto ''To-Day." The years of his 
birth and death, 1819 and 1900, are carved above, 
and below is the inscription: ''The first thing Ire- 
member as an event in my life was being taken by my 
nurse to the brow of Friar's Crag, Derwent water." 

The Little Chronicle says: "Every girl who goes to 
England will want to visit Friar's Crag, for if there 
was one thing Ruskin loved better than art and human 
brotherhood, it was a girl just blooming into woman- 
hood. He adopted the Girls' High School, at Cork, Ire- 
land, as his own, established a rose fete there, and gave 
the Rose Queen a gold cross every year. To these girls 
he once wrote a letter, saying: 

" 'The chief danger for all girls in this great "to-day" 
of their own is the temptation to restlessness, 
whether in curiosity, pleasure or pride. I want them 
all to be earnestly, thoughtfully intelligent of what is 
close to them, rightfully knowing what they have joy 
in knowing, rightfully doing whatever they are called 
upon — not by fame but by love — to do for any who 
love them, for all who are dependent upon them,' " 

AN ENGLISH AUTHOR. 

In the death of Charlotte M. Yonge, last March, 
England lost an author widely read and loved by the 
young people the world over. About fifty years ago 
Miss Yonge began to write books that were good, 
without leaving all the real life and interest out. She 
published nearly fifty volumes, some fiction, some his- 
torical, and some founded on classical myths. 

Her most popular book was "The Heir of Redclyffe,'\ 



94 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND ANL WALES. 

It has been translated into seven different languages. 
The proceeds from the sale of this book were 
used in the fitting out of Bishop Selwynn's missionary 
schooner, "Southern Cross." She also gave $10,000 
from the proceeds of another book to establish a mis- 
sionary college at Auckland, New Zealand, for she was 
very devoted to the English Church. 

Three years ago her literary and religious workwas rec- 
ognized by the Princess of Wales and the Archbishop 
of Canterbury. They headed a movement to estab- 
Hsh a university scholarship in honor of Miss Yonge, 
because of the good she had done as ''a pioneer of re- 
Hgious, high-toned literature for young people." 

Miss Yonge was- born at Otterbourne, England, in 
1823, and there she lived for seventy-eight years. She 
died in this home, March 25, 1901. 

ARTIFICIAL STONE. 

An Englishman proposes to make artificial stone at 
Montreal, as it can be made cheaper than the natural 
stone can be bought. The stone is to be made of lime 
and sand, and takes about fifty hours. It can be 
molded in any form, and is of a handsome gray 
color. Factories for making this stone have already 
been built in England, Australia, South Africa and 
Europe. 

SARDINES. 

Do you know where sardines come from? They 
swim about in the sea under the name of pilchards. 
This fish lives in the Atlantic from Land^s End to 
France, along the Cornish coast of England, and along 
Brittany, France, into the Bay of Biscay. Thousands 



SUPPLEMENT. 95 

are brought into St. Ives, England, in a day, The 
smallest fish go to the sardine canneries, others are 
salted, and others are sold on the streets for '^six-a- 
penny." But the fish never is known as a sardine 
until it is sealed in a tin. 

GREENWICH'S BIG CLOCK. 

Regulating the big Observatory clock at Greenwich, 
which is never allowed to get more than a tenth of a 
second fast or slow, as it furnishes correct time for 
most of Europe, is interesting work. Of course the 
hands cannot be turned such a short distance in the 
usual way. Near the pendulum is an electro-magnet 
that attracts the swinging metal the least bit, when 
the electrical current is switched on. This current is 
timed so that the magnet delays the pendulum if 
the clock is fast, or quickens it if the clock is slow. In 
this way, in a few thousand swings, the error of a 
tenth of a second is corrected. 

A REMARKABLE CANAL. 

One of the most remarkable canals in the world is 
in the north of England between Worsley and St. 
Helens. It is an underground canal sixteen miles 
long, used to transport coal and to drain the Lanca- 
shire mines at the same time. Canal boats are used 
on this canal, and are propelled by men who lie on 
their backs upon loads of coal and push with their feet 
against cross bars, placed at intervals on the roof of 
the tunnel. 

»1> »l^ «1« «i« «£» «t« «i« 

T* ^j% *j» r^ *|» *j% ^* 

The monument to King Alfred the Great, now be- 
ing prepared, is one of the most remarkable pieces of 



96 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND AND WALES. 

sculpture in the kingdom. It is to be erected in Win- 
chester, England. 
^ :lj jh * * * * 

Fruit culture is often conducted on a large scale in 
little England. A manufacturer of jam and jelly has 
a thousand acres near Cambridge, employing at times 
300 hands. The factory is in the center of the farm. 

^K Hi 5li * ^H ^ * 

Nearly 1,200 boys and girls are licensed by the City 
Council of Liverpool to sell newspapers, matches, shoe 
laces, etc., upon the streets. 

^ Jj? ^ * :ii ^ Hi 

The British Government intends to use cyclists for 
the purpose of guarding the railway in South Africa. 
This is an exceedingly useful plan. 

5jC ?j* 'i^ . ^V* ^1* ^j* •I* 

England is alarmed at the increase in the use of 
malt liquors, and is creating a sentiment among the 
upper classes for measures to restrain intemperance. 
It is said that the present increase of intemperance is 
confined to the lower classes. 

^La ^L^ ^1> ^f ^1^ ^tf *l> 

It is said that 30,000 persons visited Shakespeare^s 
house last year, at Stratford-on-Avon. The town of 
Stratford is almost entirely supported by these visit- 
ors, and almost every article of merchandise on sale 
in the place has been converted into a Stratford or 
Shakesperian relic. 



TEACHER^S SUPPLEMENT. 



THE TRAVEL CLASS, 

The taking of imaginary journeys makes geography a live 
subject. 

Suggest that your pupils organize a Travel Club, and that 
some of the trips be personally conducted. 

Maps and a globe should be in constant use. The home 
should be the starting point. Railroad circulars, maps and time 
cards for free distribution will be found valuable. Pupils should 
be taught how to use these maps and time cards. 

Give pupils a choice as to routes or roads over which they 
are to travel. Each pupil, however, should be able to give a 
reason for his preference for any particular road, and must know 
the number of miles and the time required for the journey. 
The road or route voted upon by the majority may then be de- 
cided upon, and preparations made for the trip. 

Find out the best time to go to each particular country, and 
the reason. What clothes it will be best to wear and to take 
with one. About how much money it will be necessary to spend 
on such a trip, and when and where this money should be 
changed into the coin or currency used in the country we expect 
to visit. 

A Guide may be appointed to obtain time-tables, maps, rail- 
road guides, the little books of travel, or other descriptions of 
routes and of the parts of the country that are to be visited. 
(Further suggestions in regard to these "helps" will be found 
elsewhere in this book.) 

The principal features of the country passed through may be 
described, if time permits; also the more important cities. Note 
the population, occupations, productions, together with anything 
of special interest or historical importance associated with the 
city or locality. 

The Guide takes charge of the class in the same way that a 
tourist guide would do. He escorts us from the home depot to the 
city, state, or country, pointing out the route on a map sus- 
pended before the class. 



98 teacher's supplement. 






Arriving at the city or country, he takes us to the various 
points of interest, telling as much about each as he is able, and 
answering questions pupils may wish to ask. If the guide can 
not answer all questions, the teacher or some other member of 
the party may. 

When the guide has finished with a topic or section, other 
members of the party may give items of interest concerning it. 

A different pupil may act as guide to each city or part of the 
country visited, and each pupil should come to the class with 
a list of questions about the places. 

Every pupil in the class may take* some part, either as guide, 
or as the class artist, musician, librarian, historian, geographer, 
geologist, botanist, zoologist, or man of letters. 

A Historian may tell us of the history of the country, and 
answer all questions of historical interest. 

A Geographer may tell of the location on the globe, of the 
natural land formations of mountains, canons, prairies, rivers, 
etc., and of the climate resulting from these. He should illus- 
trate his remarks. 

A Geologist may assist and show specimens of minerals and 
fossils, or pictures of these. 

A Botanist may tell us of native plants, useful or ornamental, 
and show pictures of these if possible. A Zoologist tells of the 
native animals, their habits and uses. 

The geographer, geologist, botanist and zoologist direct the 
work at the sand table, and assist in reproducing the country in 
miniature. 

The Merchants and Tradesmen tell us of the products for 
which their country is noted, and show samples of as many as 
it is possible to secure. They also tell what they import, and 
why. 

A Librarian or Correspondent may visit the library for in- 
formation sought by the club. He must be able to give a list of 
books of travel, and be ready to read or quote extracts referring 
to the places visited on the tour. 

He or his assistant may also clip all articles of interest from 
papers, magazines, and other sources, and arrange these, as well 



TRAVEL CLASS. 99 

as the articles secured by other pupils, in a scrap-book devoted 
to each country. 

The Artist and his assistant may tell us about the famous 
artists and their works, if any. He may illustrate his remarks 
with pictures, if he can obtain or make them. 

The Cluh Artist may also place upon the board in colored 
crayons the flag, the coat-of-arms, and the national flower of the 
country- 

A Photographer may be appointed to provide or care for the 
photographs and pictures used in the class talks. The photo- 
graphs may often be borrowed from tourists or others. Pictures 
may be obtained from magazines, railroad pamphlets, the illus- 
trated papers, or from the Perry Pictures, and mounted on card- 
board or arranged by the artist in a scrap-book, with the name 
of the country on the cover. 

If the members of the travel or geography class are not pro- 
vided with the "Little Joueneys," the teacher should have at 
least two copies. The pictures from one of these books should 
be removed and mounted for class use. They may be mounted 
on a screen or on cardboard, and placed about the room or 
grouped in a corner. They should be allowed to remain there 
during the month, that all the pupils may have an opportunity 
to examine them. 

Another pupil may collect curiosities. Many families in each 
neighborhood will be able to contribute some curio. Pupils in 
other rooms in the building will be interested in collecting and 
loaning material for this little museum and picture gallery. 

Coins and stamps may be placed with this collection. Begin 
a stamp album, and collect the stamps of all the countries studied . 
The stamps of many countries show the heads of the rulers. 

The album should be kept on the reading-table with the 
scrap-books, in order that pupils may have access to it during 
their periods of leisure. 

Dolls may be dressed in the national costume or to represent 
historical personages. 

This form of construction work may be done outside of school 
hours by pupils under the direction of the historian and artiste 

LofC. 



100 teacher's supplement. 

The dolls, when dressed, may be made the centers of court, home, 
field or forest scenes arranged on the sand- table. 

A Musician or musicians may tell us of the characteristic 
music of the country, and of famous singers or composers. She 
may also sing or play the national song or air of the country, if 
there be one. 

The singer should be dressed in national costume, if it is pos- 
sible to secure it, or to make it out of calico, paper, or some other 
cheap material. 

A Ma7i of Letters may tell of the famous men and women of 
the country through which we are traveling, and may visit their 
homes with us. He may call attention to the literature of the 
people and give selections from noted writers from or about the 
places visitedo 

CLASS WORK. 

Few things add more charm to the history and geography of 
a country than good inspiring stories of really noble people con- 
nected with the country under discussion. For England the 
beautiful stories of Grace Darling, Florence Nightingale 
and Elizabeth Fry should be given. These and others who 
have to do with English History, as Wellington, Nelson, Crom- 
well, Queen Elizabeth, Queen Victoria and Gladstone, may also 
be given places in the programme of the Afternoon in England. 
Stories with a historical background are valuable aids in impart- 
ing geographical knowledge. In studying England read parts 
of "Robin Hood," and let pupils find Sherwood Forest, Notting- 
ham and other places mentioned. 

Read selections from and about Dickens, Thackeray, Kingsley, 
Mrs. Burnett, Hannah Moore, Mrs. Hemans, Tennyson, Words- 
worth, J ean Ingelow and others. Among the poems for study 
memorizing or recitations for the Afternoon in England are 
"Ivy Green" by Dickens; "The Recessional" and "L Envoi" by 
Kipling; "A Youthful Hero," "The Ride from Ghent to Aix" 
and "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" by Browning; "The Beggars" 
"Solitary Reaper," "The Excursion," "We are Seven," the 
"Daffodils" and the "Rainbow" by Wordsworth; the "Bugle 
Song," "The Sea Shell,'' "The Revenge," "Godiva," "The Charge 



CLASS WORK. 101 

of the Light Brigade," "Break, Break, Break'' by Tennyson; the 
"Coral Reef," "Tom, the Water Baby," "Nature's Treasure Boxes" 
"Sands o' Dee," "Old Cheron's School," by Kingsley, "I Remem- 
ber, I Remember," by Hood. 

Other poems suitable for study or recitation may be found in 
Longfellow's "Poems of Places." Among these are "The Atlan- 
tic Cable," by Whittier; "America and Great Britain," Alston; 
"The Warden of the Cinque Parts," Longfellow; "Lake Land,'' 
Payne; "In York," Aitken; "The Ivy of Kenilworth," Hemans; 
"The High Tide," Ingelow; "Lodore," Southey; "Robin Hood," 
Parker; "Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard," Gray; "A 
Long Story," Gray; "Stratford on Avon," Bell. 

Prose selections may also be read from a number of English 
Authors, as Charles Dickens' Letter to His Son, The Shipwreck, 
Mr. Winkle on Skates, The Doll's Dressmaker, the School-mas- 
ter and the Sick Scholar, The Storm, How Duke William Made 
Himself King, Death of Little Nell, Christmas at the Cratchits 

Tell the story of England's famous artists, Reynolds, West 
Turner, Landseer and others and have copies of their best 
known paintings brought into the school- room. 

Sir Joshua Reynolds was the Prince of Child-painters, and 
among those which the pupils will enjoy are " The Strawberry 
Girl," "Penelope Boothby," "Angel Heads" and "Simplic- 
ity." Others are "Nature," by Lawrence; "Rustic Children," 
by Gainesborough, and the "Fighting Teineraire," by Tur- 
ner; "Cherry Ripe," "The Princess in the Tower" and "Prin- 
cess Elizabeth," by Millais; "Spring," "Summer," "Autumn" 
and "Winter," and the "Golden Stair," by Burne Jones; "Shoe- 
ing the Horse," "King of the Forest," "The Challenge," "Piper 
and Nutcrackers,'' "The Sick Monkey," "The Deer Pass" and 
many others by Landseer. Almost all of the pictures mentioned 
may be found among the Perry pictures and bought at a penny 
apiece. 

SONGS. 

A number of Tennyson's poems have been set to music. 
I Among these are "The Brook" and "Sweet and Low." The latter 
1 may be found in the Academy Song Book, published by Ginn 
! & Co. In the same book may be found a number of other songs 



102 teacher's supplement. 

which might be used for the special exercises. Among these are 
"Underneath the Briny Sea," "Down the Hill," "Source of 
Song," "Football Song," ''The Voice of the Bell," "Harrow 
Marches Onward," "St. Jobs," "Willow the King," "Five Hun- 
dred Faces," "In Days of Old," — all Harrow School songs, — 
"Eaton Boating Song," "The King's Highway," "Isle of 
Beauty," and "London Bridge." 

AN AFTERNOON IN ENGLAND. 

The class or club has now completed the study of England 
and Wales, and is ready for a review. ^ The work may be 
summed up in the first volume on England, which was devoted 
to Liverpool and London. The same suggestions may be used 
for room decorations, for this afternoon's entertainment as for 
the other. 

PROGRAMME. 

1. Around About London. 

2. Brighton. 

3. The Isle of Wight. 

4. Tennyson. 

5. Song, "The Brook," by Tennyson, or, "Sweet and Low." 

6. Kecitation, "The Fair Homes of England." 

(Poem given in preceding volume on England. ) 

7. English Homes. 

8. The Farmer. 

9. The Laborer. 

10. Song, "A Miller of the Dee." 

11. English People. 

12. Child Life. 

13. English Possessions. 

14. Recitation, " Ye Mariners of England." 

15. England Long Ago. 

16. Song, "March of the Men of Harlech." 

17. England To-day. 

18. Northern England. 

19. Manufactming Cities of England. 

20. The Garden of England. 



MARCH OF THE MEN OF HARLECH. 



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1. Men of Har - lech! in the hoi- low, Do ye hear, like 

2. Rock - y .steeps and pass - es nar - row Flash with spear and 



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rush-ing bil - low, Wave on wave that surg-ing fol - low 
flight of ar - row, Who would think of death or sor - row ? 



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Bat - tie's 
Death is 



dis - tant sound? 
glo - ry now! 



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the tramp 
the reel 



of 
ing 



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Sax - on foe -men, Sax - on spear-men. Sax - on bow- men; 
horse-man o - ver, Let the earth dead foe - men cov - er! 



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Be they knights, or hinds, or yoe-men, They shall bite the ground! 
Fate of friend, of wife, of lov - er, Trem-bles on a blow! 



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Loose the folds a - sun - der, 
Strands of life are riv - en; 



Flag we con - quer under! 
Blow for blow is giv - en 



The 
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plac - id sky, now bright on high, Shall launch its bolts in thunder! 
dead - ly lock, or bat - tie shock, And mer-cy shrieks to heav-en! 




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Onward! 'tis our country needs us; He is bra v-est, he who leads us! 
Men of Harlech! young or hoar-y, Would you win a name in sto- ry ! 




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Hon - or's self now proud-ly heads us! Freedom! God, and Right! 
Strike for home, for life, for glo - ry ! Freedom! God, and Right! 



THE MILLER OF THE DEE. 



Charles Mackay. 



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I. There dwelt a mill- er, hale and bold, Be -side the riv - er Dee; 
2."Thou'rt wrong, my friend!" said old King Hal,''As wrong as wrong can be; 

3. The mill- er smiled and doffed his cap: "I earn my bread," quoth he; 

4. "Good friend, " said Hal,and sighed the while, "Farewell land hap-py be; 



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He wrought and sang from morn till night, No lark more blithe than he; 
For could my heart be light as thine, I'd glad - ly change with thee. 
"I love my wife, I love my friend, I love mychil-dren three. 
But say no more, if thou'dst be trne, That no one en- vies thee; 

— .—- 1— 



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And this the bur - den of his song For - ev - er used to be, 
And tell me now what makes thee sing With voice so loud and free, 
I owe no debt I can - not pay, I thank the riv - er Dee 
Thy meal - y cap is worth my crown ; Thy mill my kingdom's fee ! 



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"I en - vy no one — no, not I! And no one en - vies me!" 

While I am sad, the' I'm the King, Be-side the riv - er Dee?" 

That turns the mill that grinds the corn To feed my babes and me!" 

Such nien as thou are Kngland's boast, O mill - er of the Dee!" 



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i05 

21. Recitation, "Ivy Green." 

22. Oxford. 

23. Boating Song. 

24. Southern England. 

25. Recitation, "The Seafarers" or "The Wives of Brixham. " 

26. England's Famous Queens. 

27. England's Heroes — Nelson and Wellington. 

28. Famous English Women— Grace Darling, Florence Night- 

ingale and Elizabeth Fry. 

29. Song, " Rule Britannia. " 

RECITATIONS FOR THE PROGRAMME. 

YE MARINERS OF ENGLAND. 

Ye mariners of England, 

That guard our native'seas! 
Whose flag has braved a thousand years 

The battle and the breeze! 
Your glorious standard launch again 

To match another foe, 
And sweep through the deep, 

While the stormy winds do blow; 
While the battle rages loud and long 

And the stormy winds do blow. 

The spirits of your fathers 

Shall start from every wave — 
For the deck it was their field of fame, 

And ocean was their grave ; 
Where Blake and mighty Nelson fell 

Your manly hearts shall glow, 
As ye sweep through the deep, 

While the stormy winds do blow; 
While the battle rages loud and long 

And the stormy winds do blow. 

Britannia needs no bulwarks, 
No towers along the steep; 



106 RECITATIONS. 

Her march is o'er the mountain waves, 

Her home is on the deep; 
With thunders from her native oak 

She quells the floods below — 
As they roar on the shore, 

When the stormy winds do blow; 
When the battle rages loud and long, 

And the stormy winds do blow. 

The meteor flag of England; 

Shall yet terrific burn, 
Till danger's troubled night depart, 

And the star of peace return. 
Then, then, ye ocean warriors! 

Our song and feast shall flow 
To the [fame of your name. 

When the storm has ceased to blow; 
When the fiery fight is heard no more, 

And the storm has ceased to blow. 

— Thomas Campbell. 

THE IVY GREEN. 

Oh, a dainty plant is the ivy green, 

That creepeth o'er ruins old! 
On right choice food are his meals, I ween, 

In his cell so lone and cold. 
The walls must be crumbled, the stones decayed, 

To pleasure his dainty whim ; 
And the moldering dust that years have made, 

Is a merry meal for him; 
Creeping where no life is seen, 

A rare old plant is the ivy green. 

Fast he stealeth on, tho' he wears no wings. 

And a stanch old heart has he; 
How closely he twineth, how tight he clings 

To his friend, the huge oak tree! 



teacher's supplement. 107 

And slyly he traileth along the ground, 

And his leaves he gently waves; 
And he joyously twines and hugs around, 

The rich mold of dead men's graves, 
Creeping where grim death has been, 

A rare old plant is the ivy green. 

Whole ages have fled, and their works decayed, 

And nations have scattered been ; 
But the stout old ivy shall never fade 

From its hale and hearty green. 
The brave old plant in its lonely days. 

Shall fatten on the past; 
For the stateliest building man can raise 

Is the ivy's food at last; 
Creeping where time has been, 

A rare old plant is the ivy green. 

— Charles Dickens. 

SEAFAEEES. 

The traders that hail from the Clyde, 
And the whalers that sail from Dundee, 

Put forth in their season on top of the tide 
To gather the grist of the sea. 
To ply in the lanes of the sea. 

By fairway and channel and sound. 

By shoal and deep water they go, 
Guessing the course by the feel of the ground, 

Or chasing the drift of the floe— 

Nor'west, in the track of the floe. 

And we steer them to harbor afar, 

At hazard we win them abroad. 
When the coral is furrowed by keels on the bar. 

And the sea-floor is swept by the Lord, 

The anchorage dredged by the Lord. 



RECITATIONS. 

And what of the cargo ye bring, 

For the venture ye bore over seas? 
What of the treasure ye put forth to wring 

From the chances of billow and breeze? 

In spite of the billow and breeze. 

Oh, we carry the keys of the earth, 
And the password of Empire we bear! 

Wherever the beaches held promise of worth, 
We 'stablished your sovereignty there; 
We planted your flag over there. 

Peroival Gibbon, m the London Spectator. 

THE WIVES OF BRIXHAM. 

The merry boats of Brixham 

Go out to search the seas; 
A stanch and sturdy fleet are they, 

Who love a swinging breeze; 
And before the woods of Devon, 

And the silver clifPs of Wales 
You may see when summer evenings fall 

The light upon their sails. 

But when the year grows darker. 

And gray winds hunt the foam. 
They go back to Little Brixham 

And ply their toil at home. 
And thus it chanced one winter's night, 

When a storm began to roar, 
That all the men were out at sea, 

And all the wives on shore. 

Then as the wind grew fiercer. 

The women's cheeks grew white — 

It was fiercer in the twilight. 
And fiercest in the night. 

The strong clouds set themselves like ice, 



teacher's supplement. 109 

Without a star to melt; 
The blackness of the darkness, 
Was darkness to be felt. 

The old men they were anxious, 

They dreaded what they knew; 
What do you think the women did? 

Love taught them what to do ! 
Out spake a wife, "We've beds at home, 

We'll burn them for a light, — 
Give us the men and the bare ground, 

We want no more to-night. '' 

They took the grandame's blanket, 

Who shivered and bade them go; 
They took the baby's pillow, 

Who could not say them no; 
And they heaped a great fire on the pier, 

And knew not all the while 
If they were heaping a bonfire. 

Or only a funeral pile. 

And fed with precious food the fiame 

Shone bravely on the black. 
Till a cry rang through the people, 

''A boat is coming back!" 
Staggering dimly through the fog 

Come shapes of fear and doubt, 
But when the first prow strikes the pier, 

Cannot you hear them shout? 

Then all along the breath of flame. 

Dark figures shrieked and ran, 
With "Child, here comes your father!" 

Or "Wife, is this your man?" 
And faint feet touch the welcome shore 

And wait a little while; 



110 RECITATIONS, 

And kisses drop from frozen lips, 
Too tired to speak or smile. 

So, one by one, they struggled in, 

All that the ssa would spare; 
We will not reckon through our tears 

The names that were not there; 
But some went home without a bed. 

When all the tale was told, 
Who were too cold with sorrow 

To know the night was cold. 

And this is what the men must do 

Who work in wind and foam ; 
. And this is what the women bear 

Who watch for them at home. 
So when you see a Brixham boat 

Go out to face the gales, 
Think of the love that travels 

Like light upon her sails. 



-Selected 



GEMS. 
(To be Recited.) 

"Do the work that's nearest, 

Though it's dull at whiles; 
Helping when we meet them 

Lame dogs over styles. 
See in every hedge-row, 

Marks of angels' feet; 
Epics in each pebble 

Underneath our feet. 
Not a life so mean or lowly 

But, if love is there, 
Both ingrowing and outflowing. 

May be strong and fair." 

— Charles King sley. 



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A list of the Perry Pictures devoted to England, together 
with their numbers, are given for the convenience of those 
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Price, one cent each for 25 or more, post paid. For sale by 
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1481. 


Houses of Parliament 


1488. 


Windsor Castle. 


1482. 


St. Paul's Cathedral. 


1489. 


Exeter Cathedral. 


1483. 


Interior. 


1490. 


Durham Cathedral. 


1484. 


Tower of London. 


1491. 


NavejDurham Cathedral. 


1485. 


Westminster Abbey. 


1492. 


Gloucester Cathedral. 


1486. 


Poet's Corner. 


1393. 


Nave,Hereford Cathedral 


1487. 


Chapelof Henry VII. 


1494. 


Winchester Cathedral. 


1495. 


Canterbury Cathedral. 


1496. 


Petersborough Cathedra] 


1497. 


Oxford Cathedral. 


1498. 


Litchfield Cathedral. 


1499. 


Lincoln Cathedral. 


1500. 


Warwick Castle. 


1501. 


Kenilworth Castle. 


1502. 


Salisbury Cathedral. 


1504. 


York Minster. 






1510. 


Statue of Queen Victoria. 




1511. 


Ben Lomond and Loch Lomond. 


1513. 


Old Mill at Iffley. 


1514. 


Panorama of Oxford. 


tlHi 




. . .ihessI 



1^ 



j^^; 




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fe^olume V NOVEMBER, 1901 

Subscription $1.50 per Year 



No. 3 




PI^AN BOOK 




I/ITTLi> JOURNEY 

TO 

ENGLAND ^^2, WALES 



23. 

r , 



RIAN M- GEORGE^ Editor. # # 
# A. FLANAGAN CO., Publishers^ 



sued Monthly, except July and August* 

Entered in Chicago Poat Office as Second-Class Mail. 



Plan Book Journeys 

For 1901 and 1902 

This school year our Journeys will be to European countries. Follow 
ing this issue on England and Wales tile December number will be devoted 
to Scotland. Germany, Holland, France, Spain and Italy will follow. 

The personal appearance, dresa, habits and customs of the people; the 
resources, scenery and general characteristics of the countries visited will be 
noted and described in an interesting way. Each issue will contain the flag 
in its colors and a full page map, and from thirty to forty illustrations. 

Each issue will also contain 

eight pages of 

Current News and Information 

for general use in school. 

Programmes and Plans, Songs and Recita- 
tions for School Entertainments, 

A year's subscription for only $1.50 will secure for you and your school 
about 1000 pages of up-to-date geographical matter on the coim tries of 
Europe. 

^^ 

Pictures for Class Use 

The pictures in this issue may be bought for use in writing up the coun- 
try and for general school work. On good paper, for 10 cents. Twenty sets 
will be sent for only ^1.00, 

A. FLANAGAN COMPANY, 

266 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO. 



LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS— ENGLAND. 

Jacfson, H. H. 

Glimpses of Three Coasts. Little, Brown & Co. ...... $1.50 

Cook, Joel. 

England, Picturesque and Descriptive. Beautifully il- 
lustrated with 50 Photogravures and Map. 2 Vols. 
Ornamental Cloth. Boxed. H. T. Coates & Co. . 5.00 
Manning, Samuel, and Green, S. G. 

England Illustrated. QK'er 100 full page illustrations. 

Boxed 1.50 

Stoddard, Jno. L. 

Glimpses of the V/orld. 268 full page illustrations of 
Castles, Towers, Cathedrals, Parks, etc., etc., in 

England, Europe and elsewhere 2 .50 

Taylor^ Bayard. 

Views Afoot. Illustrated Edition. 24 fine half tones . 2.00 
Taylor, C. M., Jr. 

British Isles Through an Opera Glass. Jacolm 2.00 

Winter, W. 

Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland. Illus- 
trated- Macmillan 2.50 

Corbin, J. 

School Boy Life in England. Harper ..,..'... 1 . 25 

Knox, Tkos. W. 

Boy Tra spellers in Great Britain and Ireland. Octavo. 

Cloth. Illustrated. Harper 2 . 00 

BuTTERWORTH, HeZEPvIAH. 

Zigzag Journej's in the British Isles. Octavo. Cloth . . 2.00 
Latimer, Elizabeth W. 

England in the XIX Century. A narrative history in 

charming style 2.50 

Winter, W. 

Old Shrines and Ivy. Macmillan 75 

Smith, Goldwin. 

A Trip to England .75 

White. 

England Without and Within. Houghton 2 . 00 

A. FLANAGAN CO., 

CHICAGO. 
















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The 

Aa|ueen c3 t/rescent Ivoute 

from Cincinnati and the North is the best line South to 
Chattanooga, Atlanta, Knoxyill^, Birmingham, New 
Orleans, Sli'reveport, Asheville, 
Savannah and all Florida Points. 
Excellent Through Service. Cafe, 
•Parlor and Observation Cars. Free 
Chair Cars. Through Pullman Ser- 
vice to all important Southern 
Cities. Direct connection via the 
Southern Railway from St. Louis and Louisville, 
Send for free books and maps. 



QBEEH&CRESCEHT 

— ROUTE — 



W. J. MURPHY, 

SCN'L MANAQI 


W. C. RINEARSON. 

"' OKN-L PASS'an AaCNT 
CINCINNATI. 


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